System and method for generating an alternative product recommendation

ABSTRACT

A method and system for automatically generating a naturally reading narrative product summary including assertions about a selected product. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of determining at least one attribute associated with said specific product; selecting an alternative product based on said at least one attribute; and generating a naturally reading narrative including assertions about the specific product and a recommendation of the alternative product.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/567,472, filed on Aug. 6, 2012 (now pending), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/827,170, filed on Jun. 30, 2010 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,271,351, issued Sep. 18, 2012), which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 10/839,700, filed on May 6, 2004 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,783,528 issued Aug. 24, 2010), which is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 10/430,679, filed May 7, 2003 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,840,448 issued Nov. 23, 2010); the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to systems and methods for generating product summaries. In particular, the present invention is directed to such systems and methods that allow automatic generation of product summaries together with alternative product recommendations that read naturally.

2. Description of Related Art

Many different models of products from many different manufacturers are generally available for each type or category of product. Typically, manufacturers of a particular category of product offer various models in their product line, each model targeting a particular group of users and/or meeting the specific needs of a market segment. For instance, manufacturers of automobiles, vacuum cleaners, cameras, computers, etc. all generally manufacture a variety of models of their products. In many instances, each model from each manufacturer and models from differing manufacturers have different features and/or attributes associated with the particular category of product.

For example, in the product category of vacuum cleaners, various models having different combinations of features and/or attributes are presently available. These features and/or attributes for vacuum cleaners include bag/bagless operation, motor power, attachments, exhaust filtration, price, etc. One particular model of a vacuum cleaner may have a bag to collect debris, a 6 ampere motor, without attachments or exhaust filtration, and be typically sold in the marketplace for $60 U.S. Another particular model of a vacuum cleaner may have a bagless compartment to collect debris, an 8 ampere motor, provided with attachments and a HEPA filtration, and be typically sold in the marketplace for $ 160 U.S. Of course, many other features and attributes may distinguish each of the vacuum cleaners that are available.

In another example, for the product category of digital cameras, features and/or attributes include optical and digital zoom capability, pixel count, the presence, type and size of a view screen, flash capacity, memory capacity, price, etc. One particular model of digital camera may have a 2× optical zoom, 2.1 megapixels, a flash, a 2 inch color view screen, a 32 Mb memory, and be typically sold in the market place for $200 U.S. Another particular model of digital camera may have a 3× digital zoom, 4 megapixels, a flash, a 3 inch color view screen, a 64 Mb memory and be typically sold in the market place for $400 U.S. Of course, many other features and attributes may distinguish each of the digital cameras that are available in the digital camera product category.

Moreover, the identity of the manufacturer of a particular product also impacts the desirability of the product. Generally, a product from a well known and respected manufacturer is more desirable to a consumer than a product from a lesser known manufacturer. Various manufacturers have, over time, become recognized as being market leaders with respect to particular category of products. For example, in the above noted vacuum cleaner product category, HOOVER™, EUREKA™ and DIRT DEVIL™ are examples of vacuum cleaner manufacturers considered to be market leaders. In the above noted product category of digital cameras, CANON™ and SONY™ are considered to be the market leaders. Each of the manufacturers generally provide various models with differing levels of features and performance that are targeted to specific consumer groups with particular use in mind.

The vast number of manufacturers and models available for each product category, and the disparity in features and/or attributes between the products of a product category can make a consumer's purchasing decision very difficult. Companies such as CNET™ Networks, Inc. (hereinafter “CNET”) which operates www.cnet.com provide information regarding consumer and technology oriented products such as electronics and computer products for buyers, sellers, and suppliers of technology, as well as any other interested user.

In addition to providing raw data and information, many different products in a particular product category are evaluated by editors of CNET for various features and/or attributes and rated on a scale of 1 through 10. Products that are evaluated to have higher quality and to provide superior value to consumers are rated higher than products of lesser quality and value. Moreover, the editors often provide written narrative product summaries that highlight various features of the particular product, and discuss strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed product in comparison to other comparable products.

The information and narrative product summaries provided by CNET and others regarding various products in a product category may be used by consumers to facilitate potential purchase decisions. However, the process of rating the numerous products is time and labor intensive requiring trained editors or other personnel familiar with features and/or attributes of a product category to evaluate each of the products. Moreover, providing written narrative product summaries that highlight various features of the product, and discuss strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed product in comparison to other comparable products requires even more effort from the editors. Such written narrative product summaries requires significant time and resources of the editor, thereby correspondingly requiring significant capital expense to provide such written narrative product summaries by the editor.

Various automated systems have been developed to eliminate or substantially reduce the requirement for individual evaluation of each product. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,991 to Kinra et al. discloses a system for evaluating a software product including an interface that receives product data relating to the software product, a first memory that stores the product data, and a second memory that stores a plurality of weighting values. The system also includes a processor that is coupled to the first memory and the second memory which applies the plurality of weighting values to the product data to generate at least one criterion score for the software product, each criterion score representing an evaluation of the software product.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,990 to Geller et al. discloses a system and method for assisting a user in selecting a product from multiple products that are grouped into categories. The reference discloses that information such as attributes about the products of each category, and questions related to the attributes, are received and stored. In addition, possible user's responses to the questions and weights associated with each possible response are also received and stored. Evaluation ratings for each of the attributes of each of the products are also received and stored. The reference discloses that the user selects a category and is provided with questions corresponding to the attributes of the products in the category selected. For each product in the category, a product score is calculated by summing the product of the weights of the responses by the evaluation ratings for that product. The results are displayed organized in rows and columns in the order of the product scores and weights. The reference further discloses that the user may change the weights, change categories, or obtain additional information about each product. In addition, the reference further discloses that the system allows attribution of the evaluation ratings, and may place an order for some or all products. However, the systems and methods of the above noted references merely provide ratings of plurality of products and do not provide systems and methods for generating narrative product summaries.

Other product review systems include systems that tally user votes on products, measure popularity of products by hits on a web page or by sales, or use collaborative filtering to measure which other products are commonly bought or also read about by customers who bought or read about a certain product. These product review systems invariably output numerical or discrete metrics such as by giving a product “three stars out of five” and do not provide any advice-bearing text summaries. Many e-commerce sites such as www.amazon.com, and others employ such systems.

Other advice-text generating systems such as that used by THE MOTLEY FOOL™ in the website www.fool.com generate evaluative text comments on stocks, takes into consideration dynamically updated data, and also produce real sentences. However, such systems evaluate and comment on all, and only on the same attributes of each product, regardless of the specific attributes of each item itself. Thus, these systems evaluate specific attributes of each product based on simple numerical threshold methods such as whether a quantitative value is above or below a certain point. In addition, such systems generate the same canned sentences for each item that falls below or above each threshold, so that the resultant sentences sound artificial and fabricated rather than product summaries that read naturally.

Thus, such product review systems provide reviews that are not in easily readable form that sound natural. Correspondingly, the conventional systems and methods also fail to provide automatically generated product summaries that sound and read naturally to aid consumers in making purchase decisions. In addition, when a consumer researches a particular product using presently available on-line tools and resources, only information regarding the particular product being researched is provided. Although the consumer may desire to research and identify an alternative product similar to the particular product being researched, tools for facilitating identification of such alternative products are generally not available. For example, to obtain information regarding an alternative product in vendor websites, the consumer is typically required to display a listing of all of the products in a particular category, and to select an alternative product to thereby display detailed information regarding the selected product. However, this selection is done by the consumer without information as to whether the newly selected alternative product is comparable to the researched product.

Some vendor websites such as www.bestbuy.com provide a boxed window that may be entitled “Also Consider” or the like which identifies an alternative product for the consumer's consideration in a page displaying detailed information regarding a product that was selected by the consumer. The identified alternative product is implemented as a link which may be selected by the consumer to obtain detailed information regarding the alternative product. However, the boxed window is implemented to merely identify products offered by the same manufacturer of the originally selected product, and identifies products having nearly identical specification that may only differ nominally, for example, color of the trim, or to a product from the same manufacturer having increased capacity of a particular feature, for example, memory capacity. To obtain corresponding information regarding the alternative product, the provided link must be selected by the consumer, upon which detailed information regarding the original product researched is removed and detailed information regarding the new selected alternative product is displayed.

Further, some vendor web sites such as www.bestbuy.com noted above, allow the consumer to check a “Compare” box for two or more products in a listing of products, and to display product features of the selected products in a side-by-side manner thereby allowing the products selected to be compared with respect to various product specifications and features. However, the products compared are selected by the consumer and are not provided as alternative suggestions by vendor web sites. Thus, the compared products may be tailored for totally different target markets which are generally not comparable with respect to each other. In addition, the comparative information provided is displayed as a tabulated listing which is not easy to comprehend.

Therefore, there exists an unfulfilled need for systems and methods for automatically generating narrative product summaries that sound and read naturally. In addition, there also exists an unfulfilled need for systems and methods for automatically generating narrative product summaries that are specifically tailored to the attributes discussed, and to the qualifications regarding the attributes. Furthermore, there also exists an unfulfilled need for systems and methods that automatically generate an alternative product recommendation. Moreover, there exists an unfulfilled need for such a system and method that provides such alternative product recommendation in a narrative that sound and read naturally.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, methods of automatically generating a naturally reading narrative product summary including assertions about a selected product are provided. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of determining at least one attribute associated with the selected product, the attribute including an attribute name, an attribute value, and/or an attribute unit, selecting a comparable product, retrieving assertion models defining forms in which assertions can be manifested to describe the selected product and the selected alternative product in a natural manner, and generating a naturally reading narrative by combining the attribute with a retrieved assertion model and combining the selected comparable product with another retrieved assertion model to recommend the selected comparable product in the narrative.

In another embodiment, the method includes the steps of determining at least one attribute associated with the selected product, the attribute including an attribute name, an attribute value, and/or an attribute unit, selecting an alternative product, retrieving assertion models defining forms in which an assertion can be manifested to describe the product and to recommend an alternative product in a natural manner, and generating a naturally reading narrative by combining the at least one attribute and the selected alternative product with the retrieved assertion models such that the generated narrative includes a recommendation of the selected alternative product.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a product summary generator for automatically generating a naturally reading narrative product summary including assertions about a selected product is provided. In accordance with one embodiment, the product summary generator includes a product attribute module adapted to determine at least one attribute associated with the selected product, the attribute including at least one of an attribute name, an attribute value, and/or an attribute unit and further adapted to select a comparable product, an assertion model module adapted to retrieve assertion models that define forms in which assertions can be manifested to describe the selected product and the selected comparable product in a natural manner, and a summary generation module adapted to combine the attribute with a retrieved assertion model to describe the selected product in the narrative and to combine the comparable product with another retrieved assertion model to recommend the selected comparable product in the narrative.

In accordance with another embodiment, the product summary generator includes a product attribute module adapted to determine at least one attribute associated with the selected product, the attribute including at least one of an attribute name, an attribute value, and/or an attribute unit, an alternative product selection module adapted to select an alternative product, an assertion model module adapted to retrieve assertion models that define forms in which an assertion can be manifested to describe the selected product and to recommend the selected alternative product, in a natural manner, and a summary generation module adapted to generate a naturally reading narrative by combining the attribute and the selected alternative product with the retrieved assertion models so that the narrative includes a recommendation of the selected alternative product.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of automatically generating a naturally reading narrative product summary including assertions about a selected product is provided. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of determining at least one attribute associated with the selected product, the at least one attribute including at least one of an attribute name, an attribute value, and an attribute unit, retrieving assertion models defining forms in which an assertion can be manifested to describe the selected product, and to recommend an alternative product in a natural manner, receiving a plurality of bids from manufacturers that indicate an amount of compensation each manufacturer is willing to pay to have at least one of the manufacturer's product to be recommended as the alternative product, selecting the alternative product based on the plurality of bids, and generating a naturally reading narrative by combining the at least one attribute and the selected alternative product with the retrieved assertion models such that the generated narrative includes a recommendation of the selected alternative product.

In the above regard, in another embodiment, the manufacturer may bid to be the only manufacturer, or one of a few manufacturers, whose products are included in a limited sub-pool of alternative products which are eligible for selection for recommendation. The best and most favorable alternative product in the sub-pool would then be selected for recommendation. If more than one manufacturer is represented with products in the limited sub-pool for the same category of products, an optional weighting factor based on the highest bid may be provided so that the products from the highest bidder may be selected. Of course, the selection of the alternative product may be based on other business consideration, for example, if a revenue model other than bidding is utilized for payment.

These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention when viewed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a product review generator in accordance with one example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration showing the relationships between elements of a product summary that is generated by the product review generator of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B is the product summary of FIG. 2A which has been instantiated to provide a product summary that reads naturally.

FIG. 3A is a schematic illustration of an example assertion template in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3B is the assertion template of FIG. 3A which has been instantiated.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one example method in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating another example method in accordance with the present invention.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

-   Additive rule: a rule for composing a secondary attribute which     indicates that if the primary attribute is instantiated more than     once, then the values will be concatenated. See also: secondary     attribute, override rule and optimizing rule. -   Assertion model: a set of assertion templates which define various     forms in which an assertion can manifest itself as a sentence. -   Assertion template: One of several grammatical patterns, together     with additional field names such as the key attribute for the     template, an optional excluded feature, and an optional requisite     feature. The sentence pattern can be a list of “snippets.” See also:     snippet, assertion, key attribute, excluded feature, requisite     feature. -   Assertion: a point or premise of information, fact, or opinion being     made by any number of possible sentences or fragments which express     that point; the common state-of-affairs depicted by possible     variants of an assertion. -   Attribute name-value pair: A matched attribute name and attribute     value, also called a feature. E.g. “3-megapixel resolution.” May     also include the units of the attribute name. -   Attribute: any defined attribute of a product or product category,     whether intrinsic or extrinsic, whether primary or secondary, is     considered an attribute. -   Connotation: Within an assertion template, an internal flag     indicating whether the tone of the sentence is positive, negative,     or neutral. This flag is set internally to match the connotation of     the value of the key attribute of the assertion template. It is then     used to determine whether a continuous transition or contrasting     transition is needed when placing the sentence into a paragraph. -   Excluded feature: In a secondary attribute composition rule, or in     an assertion template, the attribute name-value pair which, if     present in the product, should cause the building of the attribute     or assertion to fail. -   Extrinsic attribute: an attribute which is not inherently a part of     the product but is dependent on external factors such as the     marketplace, human judgment about the product, human purposes     satisfied by the product, etc. -   Feature: an attribute name-value-unit combination. For example,     “resolution” is an attribute name, “3 megapixel” is a value-unit     pair, and “3 megapixel resolution” is a feature. -   Field name: any field name of an attribute, vocabulary, product, or     assertion. Numerous field names can be referenced in the input files     accepted by the product summary generator. -   Importance rating: a rating of how important an attribute is within     a product category. For example, a scale of 1-10 can be used. These     ratings can be modified by a usage scenario. -   Intrinsic attribute: an attribute not dependent on comparison with     things or events outside the product itself. See also: extrinsic     attribute. -   Key attribute: Attribute that is very important to a particular     product category and at least partially defines performance or     desirability of a product in the product category. The key attribute     of a category is used in special ways, such as to give context to a     product in introductory remarks, for example, calling a camera a     “3-megapixel camera”. Each assertion template within an assertion     model has its own key attribute. Within an assertion template, any     references to applicable field names are taken to refer to this key     attribute. -   Optimizing rule: a rule for building a secondary attribute which     means that if the primary attribute is instantiated more than once,     then the new value will be an override if, and only if, the     previously instantiated value is non-optimal; otherwise the old     value can be retained. If more than one optimal value is     instantiated, they can be additive with respect to each other. If at     least one optimal value is instantiated, non-optimal values are     over-written and no further non-optimal values will be admitted.     Implies that results fields for secondary attribute composition rule     contain some result value(s) marked with an appended asterisk (*) to     indicate that they are optimal, while other values are not. See also     secondary attribute, override rule and additive rule. -   Ordinality: indication of in what order assertions should be placed     within the same thematic paragraph. Assertions which are tied in     their ordinality, are randomly ordered with respect to one another. -   Override rule: a rule for building a secondary attribute which means     that if there are successive redundant functions for defining a     secondary attribute, each instance will override the previous one.     It should be rare that an editor would have redundant override     rules, however. Normally, when defining multiple rules for building     the same attribute, one would set this flag to either additive or     optimizing. -   Primary attribute: An attribute that is inputted to the system,     deriving either from our spec table, price feed, or product record.     Distinguished from secondary attributes, which are created     dynamically by the system. -   Primary scenario: the usage scenario which is selected as the     default assignment for a particular product. E.g. a camera best     suited for professional photography. -   Product summary: a body of text intended to concisely state several     insights or observations about a particular product. See also:     theme, assertion. -   Property: a primary intrinsic attribute. In other words, an     attribute not dependent on any contextual elements outside the     product itself, therefore independent of the market, and independent     of human judgment and use-case scenarios. See also: attribute,     intrinsic attribute, primary attribute. -   Resident functions: the built-in functions for building secondary     attributes. The most commonly used examples are: sum, product,     quotient, absolute value, positive threshold, negative threshold,     sub-string, and test. -   Required feature: a feature that is required for triggering of a     secondary attribute rule or an assertion-to-sentence transformation. -   Scalarization: the ordering of values within a value range of an     attribute so as to form an evaluative scale, e.g. ordering batteries     from more favorable to less favorable in the order of Lithium, NiMH,     NiCad, Alkaline. The scalarization is done according to an     evaluative metric—meaning the question of which aspect, element, or     quality of the attribute was chosen for the scalarization. For     example, batteries were ordered above probably according to their     charge-life and lack of “memory,” but if they were to be ordered     according to ease-of-availability and/or being least-expensive, the     scalarization would be different because a different evaluative     metric had been adopted. -   Scenario: see usage scenario. -   Scenario glosses: phrases established for each scenario to describe     the activities, settings and environments, etc. pertaining to each     usage scenario. -   Secondary attribute: an attribute that is formed by applying a     function to one or more pre-existing attributes. Distinguished from     primary attributes, which are inputted from a file and derived from     a function. Both primary and secondary attributes may be referenced     in the rule for forming a secondary attribute. A collection of     resident functions is support by the product summary generator for     creating secondary attributes. -   Sentence: A complete, grammatical sentence formed by the generator.     Every sentence is also called a variant of its assertion model. -   Severity value: A value expressing how seriously good, or seriously     bad it is for a product to have a certain attribute value. A very     low or a very high severity is indicative of an attribute of the     product that is strong interest to most consumers. -   Snippet: a single element of an assertion template representing a     sentence fragment, and including free-form text, word replacement     sets, and/or field name. See also: assertion template, word     replacement set, field name. -   Theme: The concept which unifies multiple assertions together. See     also: assertion. -   Units: the unit-of-measure for an attribute, e.g. megapixels. -   Usage scenario: An alternative set of importance ratings and     scalarizations reflecting a different purpose, point-of-view, or     intended usage of a type of product. Usage scenarios are inheritable     according to the taxonomical structure of product categories, and     they are additive so that they can be combined. -   Variant: a fully-formed sentence that is derived from an assertion     model. After an assertion template is selected and word-replacements     and value look-ups are performed, the resulting, complete sentence     is a “variant” of the assertion template. See also: assertion,     assertion model, assertion template. -   Word replacement set: The simpler way of varying phraseology on a     small scale within an assertion model, whereby simple lists of     alternative, fully-interchangeable words are indicated as choices.     See also: assertion, assertion model, assertion template.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a product summary generator 10 for generating narrative product summaries in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It will be evident from the discussion below that the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a product summary generator which generates product summaries that sound and read naturally so that it can be easily understood by the reader and information presented therein can be used to aid in purchasing decisions. In addition, it will also be evident that the present invention may also be utilized to provide a recommendation for an alternative product.

For clarity purposes, the present invention is also described below as applied to generating a narrative product summary with an alternative product recommendation for digital cameras. However, it should be evident that the present invention may be readily used to generate product summaries with alternative product recommendations for any products of any product category, and application to digital cameras is merely provided as one example. Moreover, various terminologies are utilized to describe the preferred embodiment of the present invention, definitions of various terms are provided in the GLOSSARY OF TERMS section set forth above to facilitate complete comprehension of the preferred embodiment.

In accordance with the illustrated embodiment of the present invention, the product summary generator 10 is provided with a central processing unit 12 (hereinafter “CPU”) which is adapted to control and/or facilitate functions of various modules of the product summary generator 10 as described in detail below. It should be initially noted that the product summary generator 10 of FIG. 1 may be implemented with any type of hardware and software, and may be a pre-programmed general purpose computing device. For example, the product summary generator 10 may be implemented using a server, a personal computer, a portable computer, a thin client, a hand held device, a wireless phone, or any combination of such devices. The product summary generator 10 may be a single device at a single location or multiple devices at a single, or multiple, locations that are connected together using any appropriate communication protocols over any communication medium such as electric cable, fiber optic cable, any other cable, or in a wireless manner using radio frequency, infrared, or other technologies.

It should also be noted that the product summary generator 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated and discussed herein as having a plurality of modules or sub-modules which perform particular functions. It should be understood that these modules are merely schematically illustrated based on their function for clarity purposes only, and do not necessary represent specific hardware or software. In this regard, these modules and/or sub-modules may be hardware and/or software implemented and substantially perform the particular functions explained. Moreover, two or more of these modules may be combined together within the product summary generator 10, or divided into more modules based on the particular function desired. Thus, the present invention as schematically embodied in FIG. 1 should not be construed to limit the product summary generator 10 of the present invention.

In the illustrated embodiment, the product summary generator 10 is connected to a network 14 that allows publishing and remote access to the product summary generator 10. Moreover, the network 14 allows the product summary generator 10 to access various sources of information such as the manufacturer's database 15 and/or the vendor's database 16 to obtain various information regarding the products of a products category, and includes memory 17 to allow storage of such information. Such databases may be publicly accessible databases that are maintained by manufactures and/or vendors of such products being reviewed. The product summary generator 10 may be provided with an engine 18 that is adapted to access the manufacturer's database 15 and/or the vendor's database 16 via the network 14 to retrieve such information for storage into the memory 17. Moreover, the memory 17 may be any appropriate type of memory for storage of data and may be based on optical, magnetic or flash memory technologies.

The network 14 may be any type of communications channel, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), direct computer connections, and may be accomplished in a wireless manner using radio frequency, infrared, or other technologies, using any type of communication hardware and protocols. Of course, in other implementations, such information may be directly provided to the memory 17 product summary generator 10 without accessing manufacturer's database 15 and/or the vendor's database 16 via the network 14. The specific details of the above referenced devices and technologies are well known and thus, omitted herein.

The product summary generator 10 as shown in FIG. 1 includes a product attribute module 20 that is adapted to create and build various groups of information that may be used generate the naturally reading narrative product summaries with the alternative product recommendation. In particular, the product attribute module 20 is adapted to build scenario glosses, general category information, and product attribute information as described in further detail below. In addition, the product attribute module 20 is further adapted to generate price analysis information.

The product summary generator 10 also includes a secondary attribute module 30 that is adapted to build secondary attributes by reading the desired parameters, and is further adapted to utilize appropriate functions to generate the secondary attributes. In this regard, a rule definition database 36 with functions stored therein is provided so that functions can be retrieved and executed by the product summary generator 10.

An assertion model module 40 that is also provided in the product summary generator 10 is adapted to build assertion models by assigning a theme to each model, reading every template to the appropriate model, and by reading snippets to the appropriate template. In this regard, the assertion model module 40 is provided with an assertion model database 42, assertion template database 45, and snippets database 47.

Furthermore, the product summary generator 10 of the illustrated embodiment is also provided with a summary generation module 50 that is adapted to generate reserved themes, generate supplemental themes, format and assemble the generated sentences, and display the product summary. The various functions and features of each module of the product summary generator 10 are described in further detail below.

As previously noted, the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a product summary generator 10 which generates product summaries that sound and read naturally so that they can be easily understood by the reader and information presented therein can be used to aid in purchasing decisions. Moreover, the preferred embodiment, the product summaries generated by the product summary generator 10 include a theme in which an alternative product is recommended.

As noted, product summaries are a body of text intended to concisely state several insights or observations about a particular product. Such product summaries typically include one or more paragraphs, each preferably having a plurality of sentences which provide facts, information and opinion regarding a particular product. Such product summaries generated by the product summary generator 10 of the present invention are substantively analogous to product reviews that are written by editors which are familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art except that product summaries are automatically generated by the product summary generator 10 in accordance with the present invention. Further, the generated alternative product recommendation provided in the product summaries is one or more sentences that identify and briefly discuss, an alternative product to the product reviewed in the generated other themes of the product summary.

FIG. 2A shows a schematic structure of an example product summary 100 which illustrates the relationships between various elements of the product summary 100 which are generated by the various modules of the product summary generator 10 of FIG. 1. A corresponding portion of example product summary 110 is shown in FIG. 2B in which a digital camera is reviewed. As shown in FIG. 2B, the product summary that is generated by the product summary generator 10 sounds and reads naturally as if an informed individual actually wrote the review so that it can be easily understood by the reader, and information presented therein can be readily used to aid in purchasing decisions.

As can be seen in FIG. 2A, each product summary 100 is provided with a plurality of themes, each theme setting forth the intended purpose of one or more sentences and unifying such sentences in the generated product summary. For example, an “Introduction” theme may be provided to address the product being reviewed in general terms, and “Noteworthy features” theme may be provided to address the specific features of the product being reviewed that stand out.

Each theme includes one or more assertion models which are complete set of assertion templates which define various forms in which the assertion can manifest itself as a sentence. Assertions are a point or premise of information, fact, or opinion being made by any number of possible sentences which express that point. Assertion templates are sentence patterns, together with additional field names that form a sentence when the field names are filled. Each of the assertion templates have snippets associated thereto, a snippet being a single element of the assertion template and representing a sentence fragment, and including free-form text, word replacement sets, and/or field name, examples of which are described in further detail below. Moreover, transitional terms may be provided between the assertion models or at other locations of the product summaries as also described in further detail below.

FIG. 3A shows an example an assertion template 150 having various snippets that are filled in to generate a sentence that reads naturally. As shown, the illustrated example assertion plate 150 may be:

-   -   “This [key attribute: value units] [generic long singular name]         is suited for [primary scenario gloss: activity] and at [street         price], is [price-point text]-priced for a [scenario gloss:         type] [generic short singular name].”

The assertion template 150 of FIG. 3A may then be instantiated into assertion template 151 as shown in FIG. 3B by filling in the various snippets to read:

-   -   “This 3 megapixel digital camera is suited for taking casual         snap-shots, and at $184, is low-priced for a general consumer         camera.”

Of course, it should be evident that the above product summary 100 as shown in FIG. 2A is merely a schematic example and different numbers of themes, assertion models, assertion templates, snippets, and/or transitional terms may be provided that is tailored to the product summary being generated by the product summary generator 10 in accordance with the present invention. Moreover, it should also be evident that assertion template 150 as shown in FIG. 3A is also merely one example and other various templates may be provided and used. For example, assertion template for use within an alternative product recommendation theme may be provided which may be instantiated using various snippets that identify an alternative product and one or more attributes associated thereto.

The discussion below describes how the product summary generator 10 and the modules thereof as shown in FIG. 1 may be utilized to generate product summaries such as that shown in FIG. 2B. As previously noted, the examples of digital cameras are utilized extensively to facilitate comprehension of various aspects of the present invention. However, it should be kept in mind that the present invention as described herein is equally applicable for generating product summaries of various other products in product categories.

Referring to FIG. 1, the product attribute module 20 is adapted to create the primary feature comparison space. Most of the elements utilized by the product attribute module 20 are either information that is read directly from an input file (for example, memory 17) or database (for example, databases 15 and/or 16), or information that is derived from mathematical functions thereof.

The product attribute module 20 is adapted to build scenario glosses which are phrases established for each scenario to describe the activities, settings and environments, etc. pertaining to each usage scenario. The product attribute module 20 pulls into memory 17 of the product summary generator 10, certain semantic elements of a scenario, such as the type of user for a particular category of products (e.g. “for photo enthusiasts”), and the adjectival form of the scenario for attachment to the noun (e.g. “semi-pro” in “this is a semi-pro camera.”).

In the illustrated embodiment of the product summary generator 10, the product attribute module 20 is also adapted to build general category information regarding products for which product summaries are generated. The product attribute module 20 reads into memory 17, information that is preferably generic to the entire category of products, i.e. information that is not at a product-specific level. For example, the product attribute module obtains primary attribute name and vocabulary, including the short and long, singular and plural forms of the attribute name, where applicable.

In particular, the product attribute module 20 is also adapted to obtain importance ratings of primary attributes that designate which attributes are important in a given category of products. Of course, such importance ratings of primary attributes are designated in a generic sense, and not from the point of view of a specific scenario or application of the product. The product attribute module 20 obtains the primary attribute units, if applicable. For example, in the category of digital cameras, resolution is measured in “megapixels” which serves as the units of the primary attribute of resolution. Such unit information may be obtained in any appropriate manner, including obtaining such unit information from an input file, or by mining it from other sources.

The product attribute module 20 is also adapted to pull into memory 17, any adjustments to attribute importance ratings (expressed, for example, on a scale of 1-10) for each usage scenario so that the importance ratings can be adjusted depending on the usage scenario. In accordance with one implementation, the adjustments may be “distance-to-goal” meaning that the importance ratings of attributes are adjusted by a certain desired percentage upward toward a maximum, or downward toward a minimum. For example, a +0.40 adjustment would mean increasing the importance rating 40% of the attribute toward 100% from where it stands initially. If the importance rating was initially a 5, this adjustment would increase the importance rating to a 7, and if the initial importance rating was a 7.5, this adjustment would increase the importance rating to an 8.5. Conversely, a −0.40 adjustment would mean decreasing the rating 40% toward zero from the initial rating. Thus, the initial rating of 10 would be lowered to a rating of 6, and an initial rating of 5 would be lowered to a rating of 3.

The above described adjustments to the importance rating of the attribute of a product category allows scenarios to be combined iteratively. If one scenario for digital cameras is for “fast-action use” and another is for “water resistant use”, the two scenarios can be combined. For instance, if both scenarios increase the importance rating of the product attribute of ruggedness by 50%, then, if the rating of the ruggedness attribute was initially 6, the importance rating would be increased to 9. This would be due to the fact that the initial importance rating of 6 would be first increased to 8, and then an increase from 8 to 9.

In addition, language that allows expression of the fact that a product possesses the attribute is also obtained by the product attribute module 20, whether the possession has a positive connotation or a negative connotation. For example, in a category of products that require batteries, the neutral term may be “uses”, but the negative equivalent may be “requires”. Correspondingly, in evaluating a product with a single battery, a sentence may be generated that states that the product “uses a single lithium battery” as opposed to “requires 4 AA alkaline batteries.”

The attributes may also be flagged as to whether a given primary attribute is a key attribute. In this regard, editors who initially set up the product summary generator 10 to allow automatic generation of product summaries may mark whether one or more of the primary attributes are considered to be definitive of a product category so as to be designated “key” attributes. An ordinary-language usage test of this is to ask which attributes are commonly used in definite descriptions of products. In the case where the category of products being evaluated is digital cameras, “resolution” would be a key attribute because of how common it is in the literature to see phrases such as “the latest 5-megapixel camera from . . . ” The fact that “megapixel” is a unit of measure for “resolution” also indicates that resolution is a key attribute for the digital camera product category.

Furthermore, the product attribute module 20 of the product summary generator 10 is also adapted to obtain product attribute information and associated para-data for the products in a product category. In particular, the product attribute module 20 obtains the actual attribute values associated with the attributes of a particular product in a product category from any appropriate source. For example, in the example of digital cameras, an attribute value for the attribute of “resolution” would be 4.2 megapixels in its full native (non-interpolated) resolution for a particular camera. Such information would be associated with the particular camera.

Product information may be obtained by the engine 18 from the manufacturer's database 15 and/or vendor's database 16 via the network 14. The engine 18 may be provided with search engines having a crawler such as a robot, bot or automated site searcher. The crawler may automatically crawl from servers to servers having such information to gather the appropriate information. Of course, details of such search engines are well known in the art and need not be described in detail herein. Moreover, the product information may be provided to the product summary generator 10 in any other appropriate manner. For example, the information may be gathered by a device other than the product summary generator 10 of the present invention, and provided to the memory 17 of the product summary generator 10 for further processing and generation of the product summaries.

In addition, in the illustrated implementation of the product summary generator 10, the product attribute module 20 is also adapted to obtain primary attribute ranks for each of the products in the product category and read them into memory 17. The primary attribute ranks indicate the rank of each product relative to the other products in the product category based on each of the attributes, and may be determined in any appropriate manner. For example, the conventional method of percentile ranks may be used to obtain the primary attribute ranks Alternatively, more sophisticated methods may be used to determine the primary attribute ranks For example, competitive index for the attributes of the products may be determined using the method as set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/265,189 filed Oct. 7, 2002 entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR RATING PLURAL PRODUCTS, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

If competitive indexes are determined and used for attribute ranks as set forth in the '189 application noted above, the product attribute module 20 may also be used to flag a product or attribute of the product for verification when competitive index for the attribute of the selected product deviates a predetermined amount from an average competitive index for the attribute of the category of products. This allows checking to see if there are corrupt data. For example, if a very inexpensive camera is listed as having 1/5000th second shutter speed, which is among the fastest on the market, such an attribute would be considered a “noteworthy feature” for discussion in the generated product summary. However, such a feature would likely be too good to be true and may be based on corrupt data with a typographical error in which the actual shutter speed is 1/500th second, not 1/5000^(th) second. Thus, by examining the competitive index when the competitive index of an attribute is very far below, or very far above what is typical of its price point, the product summary generator 10 may be adapted to refrain from making a comment about it within the generated product summary, and instead, flag the attribute for human verification.

Once the primary attribute ranks are determined, the product attribute module 20 calculates primary attribute severity values for each of the products. The severity value essentially expresses how seriously good, or seriously bad it is for a product to have a certain attribute value. In one implementation, severity values may be set to range from 0.00 to 1.00, where a very low or a very high severity is indicative of an attribute of the product that is strong interest to most consumers. The severity values are used in the present implementation because the primary attribute ranks do not provide an indication of which feature(s) stand out as exceptionally noteworthy or weak for the product on the whole which should be discussed in the generated product summary, even if competitive index described in the '189 application are used.

For example, a large-screen console television (hereinafter “TV”) that is heavier than almost any other similar TVs by a few ounces will have a very low percentile rank or competitive index. However, because weight is not an important feature for console style televisions, a small amount of extra weight is not a severe condition with respect to the console TV, even though it is of very low rank compared to other lighter TVs. Conversely, another TV might be a few ounces lighter than all the other TVs, but this is hardly a very noteworthy feature.

Preferably, the severity value is a function of both the attribute rank (percentile, competitive, or other) and the importance rating of the primary attribute. In one implementation, the function utilizes an inflection algorithm that causes an inflection, whereby attribute values that are highly important (i.e. high importance rating) are pushed closer toward 0.00 when their attribute rank is low, but are held closer toward 1.00 when their attribute rank is high, while at the same time, this effect of pushing the severity value is not obtained when the importance rating is low.

The above described inflection may be obtained by any number of numerical methods so as to accomplish the above described effect. An example method is shown by the following formulas:

When Rank≧0.50 then Severity=Rank*(1−Degree+(Degree*Importance))

and

When Rank<0.50 then Severity=Rank*(1−Degree+(Degree*(1−Importance)));

where Degree is between 0.01 and 0.99. The degree of the inflection can be controlled by setting the Degree to a predetermined number. A higher predetermined number for Degree would produce a more radical inflection between attributes of high and low importance.

For example, when Degree=0.50 (the default setting), the formula comes out as follows:

When Rank≧0.50 then Severity=Rank*(0.50+(0.50*Importance))

and

When Rank<0.50 then Severity=Rank*(0.50+(0.50*(1−Importance)))

Numerous example calculations of severity values is provided below with Degree=0.50 to illustrate the operation of the inflection algorithm of the present embodiment.

If importance is 0.90 and Rank is 0.90; Severity=0.90*(0.50+0.45)=0.90*0.95=0.855

If importance is 0.60 and Rank is 0.90; Severity=0.90*(0.50+0.30)=0.90*0.80=0.720

If importance is 0.30 and Rank is 0.90; Severity=0.90*(0.50+0.15)=0.90*0.65=0.585

If importance is 0.90 and Rank is 0.60; Severity=0.60*(0.50+0.45)=0.60*0.95=0.570

If importance is 0.60 and Rank is 0.60; Severity=0.60*(0.50+0.30)=0.60*0.80=0.480

If importance is 0.30 and Rank is 0.60; Severity=0.60*(0.50+0.15)=0.60*0.65=0.390

If importance is 0.30 and Rank is 0.30; Severity=0.30*(0.50+0.35)=0.30*0.85=0.255

If importance is 0.60 and Rank is 0.30; Severity=0.30*(0.50+0.20)=0.30*0.70=0.210

If importance is 0.90 and Rank is 0.30; Severity=0.30*(0.50+0.05)=0.30*0.55=0.165

In the examples set forth above, it should be evident that the most noteworthy cases which are the first and last examples, have the highest and lowest severity values. The attribute having the highest severity value would correspond to the best attribute of the product being reviewed while the attribute having the lowest severity value would correspond to the worst attribute of the product being reviewed. Importance rating alone, or attribute rank alone, would not make these two cases stand out as being noteworthy for discussion. Mere multiplication of importance rating and attribute rank together would also not make these to cases stand out either. Thus, inflection algorithm such as that described above is desirable to produce the desired effect. The above described method allows the product summary generator 10 to determine the best and worst attributes so that naturally reading narratives can be generated regarding those attributes of the product being reviewed in the product summary 100.

Once the severity values of the primary attributes for a particular product are calculated, for example, in the manner described above, the primary attributes are placed in order of their severity values. In addition, their placement within the plurality of severity values are calculated so as to provide the placement-by-severity, for example, a primary attribute may be designated as being the 3rd most severe, etc. Furthermore, in addition to calculating placement-by-severity as described, the product attribute module 20 also calculates placement order according to a differential in the percentile rank or competitive index from the average percentile rank/competitive index of products in the same scenario.

The product attribute module 20 further determines an Average-Rank-Near-Price margin which allows identification of other products in the product category that are close enough in cost to be cost-comparative to a given product being reviewed. The near-price margin may be set to be around 10% so that products of the product category having prices within 10% of the price of the product being reviewed are identified. Of course, the near-price margin may be configurable so that it can be set at any desired level. The identified products within the near-price margin are taken as a subset and retrievably stored in memory 17 for later use, for example, in highlighting strengths or weaknesses of the product reviewed in the narrative product summary, or in generating an alternative product recommendation in the narrative product summary. In addition, the average attribute rank among the identified products, whether the attribute rank is based on percentile rank or competitive index, is calculated for each primary attribute.

In addition, the product attribute module 20 further determines an Average-Price-Near-Rank margin which allows identification of other products in the product category that are close enough in rank to be compared to a given product being reviewed. Again, the near-rank margin is configurable but may be approximately 5%. Thus, the near-rank margin allows determination of which products of a product category have a comparable value to the product being reviewed for a given primary attribute. The average price of the identified products is also determined. In the present implementation, the above described determination is preferably performed for every primary attribute of every product, and is retrievably stored in memory 17 for later use. This information can again, be used to highlight strengths or weaknesses of the product reviewed in the narrative product summary, or in generating an alternative product recommendation in the narrative product summary.

In one implementation, the product attribute module 20 of the product summary generator 10 is adapted to characterize the typical feature value of products costing nearly the same (among comparable products and/or among the entire category), and also adapted to characterize the typical price of products having nearly the same feature (among comparable products and/or among the entire category). To ensure that the generated product summary contains statements regarding value of the product when they are relevant, one or more threshold measures may be provided to determine when they are sufficiently noteworthy to merit a mention. This may be attained by the product attribute module 20 by determining two derivative measures, Value-For-Price and Price-For-Value, from the Average-Rank-Near-Price margin that was described previously above.

Value-For-Price may be defined as the Average-Rank-Near-Price minus the rank of the same attribute value of the product being reviewed. The Value-For-Price may be expressed as the difference value or be expressed as a percentage of the attribute valve of the product being reviewed. For example, if the Average-Rank-Near-Price for a camera's resolution is 0.44 and the rank of the camera's resolution is 0.36, then the camera's resolution Value-For-Price may be expressed as being 0.08. This means that 0.08 competitive points of surplus value with respect to resolution is provided by the average camera having similar price as the camera being reviewed. Stated in another manner, this means that the product being reviewed is at a deficit of 0.08 competitive points. When the Value-For-Price is above a certain configurable threshold, the product summary generator 10 may be triggered to generate statements referring to the Average-Rank-Near-Price of that product's attribute. The triggering mechanism may further be provided as a follow-up to identification of the most noteworthy features on the basis of their severity as discussed previously above.

Finally, the product attribute module 20 of the illustrated embodiment also generates price analysis information which can be used to characterize a reviewed product as being “expensive” or “low-priced”, etc. This is attained by initially determining the global mean and standard deviation of prices for all products in a product category, regardless of scenario. In addition, global high, low, and median prices are also determined which also preferably includes the median high and median low. The price analysis is repeated with each subset of products that falls into each scenario.

The secondary attribute module 30 in accordance with the present implementation is adapted to build secondary attributes which are attributes that are formed by applying a function to one or more pre-existing attributes. Initially, the secondary attribute module 30 reads into memory 17, all of the functions and secondary attribute definition rules described below from the functions database 36 that have been manually edited by an editor(s) that initially sets up the product summary generator 10, and also validates the syntax and integrity of the secondary attribute definition rules. These secondary attribute definition rules are then used as tools by the secondary attribute module 30 to build the secondary attributes.

In the above regard, the secondary attribute module 30 supports various generic functions which may be provided in the functions database 36 that are standard to most mathematical and/or statistical analysis software packages. These functions may include:

-   -   AbsDiff=absolute value of the difference of two arguments     -   AbsPercDiff=absolute value of percentage difference of first         argument relative to second argument     -   AvgOf=statistical mean of all arguments     -   Diff=first argument minus second argument     -   GreaterOf=greatest value of all arguments     -   LesserOf=least value of all arguments     -   MedianOf=statistical median of all arguments     -   PercDiff=percentage difference of first argument relative to         second argument     -   PercOf=first argument measured as a percentage of second         argument     -   Product=result of multiplying all arguments     -   Quotient=result of dividing first argument by second argument     -   Sum=result of adding arguments together     -   Test=first argument names attribute to be tested; subsequent         argument pairs provide test case values, with their respective         resulting values in square brackets

Furthermore, the secondary attribute module supports 30 various specific functions that may be tailored expressly for facilitating generation of secondary attributes. These specific functions may include:

-   -   HigherRankOf=highest of corresponding competitive index of all         arguments     -   LowerRankOf=least of corresponding competitive index of all         arguments     -   PosThreshold=first argument names attribute to be tested;         subsequent argument pairs provide descending positive         thresholds, each followed by the resulting value in square         brackets     -   NegThreshold=first argument names attribute to be tested;         subsequent argument pairs provide ascending negative thresholds,         each followed by the resulting value in square brackets

Of course, the above functions are provided as examples only and other functions may also be provided in other implementations of the secondary attribute module 30.

There may be multiple functions that are appropriate for the generation of a secondary attribute. Consequently, in the illustrated implementation, the multiple functions are all executed in sequence for the same secondary attribute. This multiplicity provides more than one way for the product summary generator 10 to attempt to generate the same secondary attribute, which is especially important in an advice-giving environment where there are multiple different ways that a product or a feature thereof can be useful or valuable, or not useful or valuable.

For example, in the product category of digital cameras, “suggested use” for digital cameras may be considered a secondary attribute. Clearly there are many multiple tests, and multiple possible outcomes, for how to derive this value. If the camera has a waterproof case, a suggested use might be for snorkeling. Alternatively, if the digital camera has a very high optical zoom, then “outdoor sightseeing photography” might be appropriate, etc. These multiple definitions can be defined successively.

Each particular secondary attribute, however, has only one main function associated with it in the present implementation. For more complicated secondary attributes, these functions can effectively be nested by making reference to previously created secondary attributes within a new secondary attribute.

The secondary attribute module 30 of the product summary generator 10 calls an appropriate function, retrieves and validates the arguments, observes value dimension specified, and performs string conversion as necessary. “Value dimension” refers to whether the desired value of the attribute in question is the attribute value, the attribute rank, the placement-by-severity, the placement-by-differential-rank, the average-rank-near-price, or the average-price-near-rank, as described in further detail below. All subsequent references within the secondary attribute assumes this value dimension which defaults to the attribute value itself. In many cases, the value dimension should be converted from a string to an integer or real number, and spelled-out numbers may be converted to digits, etc.

The secondary attribute can possibly require the presence of, or absence of, a particular value of another attribute. The secondary attribute module 30 of the present implementation is adapted to test for such a requirement so that if the test fails, a predetermined Fail-Value may be used. For example, for the secondary attribute “recommended minimum flash card size”, the function may stipulate that the presence of a flash card slot in the camera is required. The fail value may be “N.A.” indicating that flash card slot is not available.

The secondary attribute module 30 executes one or more functions described above to generate a secondary attribute, the appropriate function being called with the validated parameters. When the functions are executed and are about to return a value, the secondary attribute module 30 decides how to write the value back into the attribute record associated with the secondary attribute in view of the fact that there are often more than one function used to generate the secondary attribute. In this regard, rules may be provided in the function database 36 that may be accessed by the secondary attribute module 30. Such rules may include:

-   -   Override Rule: means if the primary attribute is instantiated         more than once, then subsequent instantiations will overwrite         previous ones.     -   Additive Rule: means if the primary attribute is instantiated         more than once, then the values will be concatenated, as         comma-delimited strings.     -   Optimize Rule: means if the primary attribute is instantiated         more than once, then the new value will be an override if, and         only if, the previously instantiated value is non-optimal;         otherwise the old value will be retained. If more than one         optimal value is instantiated, they will be additive with         respect to each other. If at least one optimal value is         instantiated, all non-optimal values are over-written and no         further non-optimal values will be admitted.

The “override,” “additive,” and “optimize” rules are each mutually exclusive with the others. If the rule definition is additive, then the secondary attribute module 30 checks to determine whether pre-existing values exist. If they do, then the newly derived value is linked together onto the list of multiple value strings in the attribute record, and the attribute is marked as having multiple values. If there are no pre-existing values, the new value alone is written as a singular value for the generated secondary attribute. If the rule definition is for an override, then the secondary attribute module 30 replaces any existing attribute value with the newly derived value.

If the rule is for optimizing, then the secondary attribute module 30 first determines whether the newly derived value is optimal or not. If the newly derived value is optimal, the secondary attribute module determines whether there are pre-existing values which are non-optimal. If there are non-optimal pre-existing values, these values are deleted. Then, the secondary attribute module 30 determines if any pre-existing optimal values remain. If there are, the new value is linked onto the list and the attribute is flagged as having multiple values. If the new value itself is non-optimal, the secondary attribute module 30 determines if there are pre-existing values which are optimal.

If there are pre-existing values which are optimal, the new value is discarded, and the rule definition exits the function while leaving the attribute value unchanged. If there are no pre-existing optimal values, the secondary attribute module 30 checks if there are pre-existing non-optimal values. If there are, the secondary attribute module 30 links the new value and flag the attribute as having multiple values. If there are no pre-existing values, then the secondary attribute module 30 writes the new value as the singular value of the attribute. This optimize rule can thus, be used for creating several parallel primary attributes which have divergent means of instantiating the same secondary property.

In many cases, secondary attribute rules contain stipulations of positive connotation or negative connotation pertaining to the resulting attribute value. These connotations are mapped into the product based on the specific value it derives from the secondary attribute rule definitions. For example, on the secondary attribute for digital cameras of “largest print size recommended,” the values of ‘5″×7″’ or above, may be assigned a positive connotation, while those of ‘2″×3″’ or lower, may be assigned a negative connotation, with print sizes in between being neutral.

The secondary attribute module 30 may be used by the editors or others for inputting the information, functions, and/or rules that are applicable for generating the secondary attributes. Any appropriate file(s) may be used such as a flat file, or files of a relational database. The data may be stored in any appropriate format such as tab-delimited format or various proprietary database formats. For example, the following chart sets forth file header fields for such files with a description for each header in the adjacent column. The header fields may be as follows:

HEADER FIELD DESCRIPTION Property Name [flags] The internal name of the property, with any flags (as to whether it is an override property, additive, or optimizing) Display Name <features to The display name - this name can reference the names mention> of other properties if placed in angle brackets. Assumption <features to An assumption - dependent clause that explains mention> assumption on which the building of this property is based - can also mentioned other properties in angle brackets. Requisite feature [Value] If another property must have a specific value in order for this secondary property to be triggered. If this condition fails, the fail value will be generated (see below). Excluded Feature [Value] If another property must NOT have a specific value in order for this secondary property to be triggered. If this condition fails, the fail value will be generated (see below). Determiner The grammatical determiner that would normally be appropriate to speaking of this property (e.g. “the”, “a”, “an”, “some”, “one”). Copula The grammatical copula used to attach this property to its value in a phrase, e.g. usually “is”, “has”, or in less frequent cases, “includes”, “supports,” etc. Function [optional alternative The logical or mathematical operator on which the value dimension] generation of the secondary property is to be based, e.g. Product, Quotient, PosThreshold, etc. In square brackets is the optional value dimension, for example, “rank” would mean to use the attributes' ranks instead of their values. Units Any units, if applicable, for this attribute, e.g. inches, megabytes, etc. Fail Value The value to generate if the function fails to produce a result, or if the tests for requisite or excluded feature are not passed. First Argument [result], The first argument to be passed to the function, and Additional Arguments optionally, further arguments; in some cases, result [results] values need to accompany each argument, depending on the function chosen.

Referring again to the product summary generator 10 shown in FIG. 1, the assertion model module 40 is adapted to build assertion models by initially assigning a theme to each of the assertion models, reading every assertion template from the assertion templates database 45 associated to the appropriate assertion model, and reading every snippet from the snippets database 47 to the appropriate assertion template.

Every assertion model is designated by the assertion model module 40 of the product summary generator 10 as belonging to one or more themes. As previously described, themes typically correspond to the paragraphs of the finished product summaries such as that shown in FIG. 2B. In this regard, several reserved themes may be provided in accordance with one implementation of the present invention. As previously noted relative to FIG. 2A, an “Introduction” theme may be provided which gives a general overview or a non-evaluative description of the product. A “Noteworthy features” theme may be provided which highlights positive features of the product being reviewed relative to comparable products. A “Weaker features” theme may be provided which points out negative features of the product being reviewed relative to comparable products. In addition, a “Value” theme may be provided to discuss the “bang-for-the-buck” the particular product being reviewed offers in comparison to other comparable products. Furthermore, “Suitability” theme may be provided which identifies what scenarios, use-cases, or types of users are the best fit for the product in question. Finally, a “Alternative Product Recommendation” theme may be provided which identifies and briefly discusses an alternative product that the user may consider.

The aforementioned themes may all have resident procedures for defining their content. However, their core content may be supplemented by additional assertions defined in the configurable assertion models for each product category. This may be attained by merely assigning a reserved theme name to an assertion so that an editor thereby defines it as supplementary to that reserved theme.

Of course, supplemental themes may be provided by the assertion model module 40 as well, such supplemental themes being typically displayed in the generated product summary after the reserved themes. Such supplemental themes may address any aspect of the product category and may be appropriately named. An example of a supplemental theme for digital cameras may be “On storing pictures” theme in which assertion templates regarding storage capacity of the digital camera is addressed. In particular, the theme may identify and discuss whether a particular digital camera being reviewed is provided with a storage card or if such card must be purchased separately, and what the recommended card size for storing a satisfactory amount of pictures is, etc.

As previously noted, the assertion model module 40 reads every assertion template from the assertion templates database 45 that correspond to the appropriate assertion models in the assertion models database 45, each record in the assertion model defining an assertion template. As schematically shown in FIG. 2A, an assertion template includes one or more snippets from the snippets database 47, and revolves around one particular key attribute which may be a primary attribute or a secondary attribute.

It should be noted that a plural number of assertion templates are typically assigned to the same assertion name, but often have different key attributes. The fact that these assertion templates are assigned to the same assertion name generally indicates these assertion templates are all making essentially the same point about a product being reviewed, except that the assertions are being made in different ways.

In addition, as also previously noted, the assertion model module 40 reads the snippets from the snippets database 47 to the appropriate assertion template, each snippet being a short phrase, usually not capable of standing as a sentence by itself. In the present implementation, each of the snippets in the snippets database 47 may contain three kinds of content: static text, minor variants, or references to attributes or parameters. Static text never changes within the assertion template from the way it is entered by the editor when the product summary generator 10 was set up. Minor variants are inter-changeable phrases which are randomly chosen from a list input by the editor by the product summary generator 10. For example, minor variants may be the phrases “However,” and “On the other hand,” which are substantially equivalent in meaning to one another. References to attributes or parameters are lookups of any attributes, whether primary or secondary, or to parameters of the key attribute, such as its name, its units, its vocabulary elements, etc.

In a manner similar to the secondary attribute module 30 described above, any appropriate file(s) may used to input information regarding the assertion models, for example, via a flat file, or files of a relational database. The data may be stored in any appropriate format such as tab-delimited format or various proprietary database formats. The following chart sets forth file header fields for such files with a description for each header in the adjacent column. The header fields may be as follows:

HEADER FIELD DESCRIPTION Assertion Name The internal name of the assertion Key Attribute The attribute to which it should be assumed all subsequent references apply, within this template, unless stated otherwise. Theme The theme under which this assertion falls. Excluded Feature Name If another property must NOT have a specific value in [Excluded Value] order for this secondary property to be triggered. If this condition fails, the fail value will be generated (see below). Connotation Attribute The attribute from which this assertion derives its connotation. Can be negative, positive, or neutral. Contiguous transition Verbiage to use if this assertion maintains the same connotation as the sentence preceding it. Contrasting transition Verbiage to use if this assertion bears a different connotation from the sentence preceding it. Template Elements Template elements each have any combination of static <Variables in angle brackets> text, variables that can name any attribute or elements of attributes, and minor phrase variants in square brackets (e.g. [“barely”, “hardly”] would result in random selection of “barely” or “hardly” in the same position in the sentence).

Referring again to the illustrated embodiment of the product summary generator 10 of FIG. 1, the summary generation module 50 is adapted to generate reserved themes, generate supplemental themes, format the generated sentences, assemble bullet items into sentences, and display the product summary such as that shown in FIG. 2B with an alternative product recommendation therein. The summary generation module 50 generates the reserved themes utilizing the key attributes and the primary scenario, as well as the price analysis. These elements are excellent ways to introduce a product to a potential buyer who is browsing various products of a product category. The example assertion template 150 as shown in FIG. 3 is appropriate for the introduction theme, which when instantiated, may read:

-   -   “This 3 megapixel digital camera is suited for taking casual         snap-shots, and at $184, is low-priced for a general consumer         camera.”

The summary generation module 50 of the product summary generator 10 of the illustrated embodiment also generates the noteworthy features theme by initially determining the noteworthy features, whether the features are noteworthy for being positive or negative. To identify noteworthy features, the summary generation module 50 first examines the placement-by-severity in which the primary or secondary attributes are ordered based on their corresponding severity values, and selects the attributes having the highest severity values, but only if the severity values are above a predetermined high-severity threshold. Preferably, the high-severity threshold is a number that is configurable for the product summary generator 10. The purpose of the high-severity threshold is that, if an attribute is not very severe, then the attribute is not worth generating a sentence about in the product summary. The summary generation module 50 may be adapted to select a predetermined number of highest severity attributes that are above the high-severity threshold so that sentences are generated for those attributes in the product summary.

If the predetermined number of such attributes are not present, the summary generation module 50 examines the placement-by-differential-rank in which attributes are ordered by their attribute ranks. This allows determination of which attributes of the product is markedly superior than most of the other products in the product category sharing its primary scenario and costing around the same price. Again, a predetermined threshold may be implemented so that if no attributes lie above this threshold, the summary generation module 60 will not generate any sentences in the product summary highlighting any noteworthy features. Appropriately, the summary generation module 50 of the product summary generator 10 may find no noteworthy features at all for a particular product being reviewed since some products are truly not noteworthy.

In addition, the editor may have found additional secondary attributes during setup of the product summary generator 10 which, under certain conditions, can be considered noteworthy. These secondary attributes may be added on a product category basis. For example, in digital cameras, the editor may decide that any digital camera having a water-tight case for use while snorkeling is noteworthy for that attribute since it is generally not a common attribute among digital cameras. Since this attribute is unlikely to be highly important among digital cameras generally, it is unlikely to pass the tests within the resident procedures for finding “noteworthy” features, and thus, would need to be added as a supplemental assertion.

Of course, in most instances, it would not be sufficient to merely find and mention a noteworthy feature since the primary object of the product summary generator 10 is to provide user friendly information regarding the product being reviewed. In order to be relevant and useful to most prospective buyers of a product, the noteworthy feature must be placed in some sort of context, or otherwise explained. The summary generation module 50 should thus provide an indication of whether the feature is noteworthy in an absolute sense, or in a relative sense. Some features are noteworthy with respect to entire category of products, and so are “absolutely” noteworthy, but are not noteworthy relative to one or more attributes such as product price, or even the primary scenario.

For example, there may be a digital camera on the market with the primary scenario of “semi-professional photography,” selling for around $8,000 and having an 11-megapixel resolution. This resolution is, in the current market, very high and ranks second highest of over two hundred models on the market. Obviously, this feature is noteworthy in the “absolute” sense. However, relative to its price, this is not noteworthy since $8,000 for a digital camera is very expensive, and the few cameras having comparable resolution are priced similarly. Moreover, among the small subset of digital cameras in the digital camera category that are indicated as “semi-professional”, this resolution is again, not particularly noteworthy. By contrast, a compact camera costing only $ 150 with 3× optical zoom, is not noteworthy in the absolute sense since 3× optical zoom is middle-of-the-road. However, considering the compact camera's size and its very low price, it is noteworthy in the relative sense.

Each of these various types of noteworthiness requires a different contextualization statement in the product summary that is generated. For a feature that is noteworthy only in the absolute sense, the summary generation module 50 of the product summary generator 10 may be adapted to generate a sentence that would say something like:

“This is superior to most cameras, but is to be expected for a camera of this price.”

For a feature that is noteworthy only relative to its primary scenario, the summary generation module 50 of the product summary generator 10 may be adapted to generate a sentence that would say something like:

-   -   “This is not particularly better than most other cameras at a         similar price, but it is rare among compact cameras.”

For a feature that is noteworthy for the product's price, the summary generation module 50 may be adapted to generate a sentence that mentions the typical price of comparable products boasting this feature. For example, for a digital camera costing $300 with very high resolution, the summary generation module 50 may be adapted to generate a sentence that would say something like: “The typical cost of cameras having comparable resolution is around $640.”

The finished assertion regarding a noteworthy feature may be referred to as the “ranked attribute description” because it is addressing one of the predetermined number of most noteworthy attributes, and is describing the noteworthy attribute by the virtue of which the product being received the attribute ranking. For instance, the “aspect” of a shutter speed that made it noteworthy may be the fact that the shutter speed is “faster” than that of “most cameras costing the same.”

The summary generation module 50 further generates the weaker or negative features theme which is the logical converse of noteworthy features, with the exception of some of the explanatory elements. Because of the fact that the product summary generator 10 is primarily for the purpose of assisting a person in making a purchasing decision, when an important feature is weak or actually negative, it would be desirable for the product summary generator 10 to direct the user, for the sake of comparison, to a comparable product that is stronger or more positive for that particular feature.

A comparable product would typically share the same primary scenario, cost about the same, and be similar with respect to the key feature of the product category. For instance, for digital cameras, comparable resolution may be required to be a comparable product since resolution is the most important feature. Thus, if a compact digital camera is being reviewed, another compact digital camera would be noted as being comparable if it falls within the near-price margin, and has a resolution that falls within the near-rank margin. Once all the comparable products for the reviewed product are determined, the comparable product having the highest value rating (such as percentile rank or competitive index) for each attribute is stored. This comparable product may be referred to in the weaker features theme, and may later even be identified as an alternative product recommendation theme.

In the above regard, in cases where the reviewed product is found to be weak in some noteworthy sense, a corresponding comparable product having the highest value rating for the attribute for which the reviewed product is weak, may be referenced within the product summary. Thus, in the present example, if a 3-megapixel compact camera costing $320 is weak in its optical zoom and has only 2×, the product summary generator 10 would identify the best comparative product in respect to zoom, and after mentioning that this particular feature is weak, follow-up with a sentence that says something like:

-   -   “For example, the HP 725xi, a 3.1 megapixel compact camera at         around $329, has 4× optical zoom.”

The summary generation module 50 further generates the value theme by contextualizing the value rating of the product, whether the value rating is based on percentile rank or competitive index as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/265,189 incorporated by reference above. This means explaining whether the value rating, if noteworthy (either bad or good), is driven more by price, or driven more by features. For example, a digital camera with better-than-average features but that is overpriced, and a camera with a slightly-below-average price but far-below-average features, may have potentially the same value rating. However, these digital cameras both have the same value rating for different reasons. In the former case, the summary generation module 50 may generate a sentence that would say something like:

-   -   “Despite this camera's excellent features, the relatively high         price makes it a poor value for the dollar.”

In the latter case, the summary generation module 50 may generate a sentence that would say something like:

-   -   “Despite costing less than most cameras on the market, the         inferior features of this camera cause it to be a poor value for         the money.”

The summary generation module 50 may be triggered to address the value of the product being reviewed in any appropriate manner. In one implementation, this may be attained by utilizing the Value-For-Price as determined by the product attribute module 20 as discussed previously.

Another element of the value theme is that the summary generation module 50 finds the highest or lowest placement-by-rank-differential. This is useful because a product that is generally mediocre in value, neither very good or bad, may nonetheless, be exceptionally good or bad with respect to one important attribute, and the person may like to know this fact. For example, a camera with average value may have a very fast shutter speed for its price. Analysis of this fact can be used by the summary generation module 50 to generate the comment:

-   -   “Overall this camera has average value for the money, based on         features. However you would typically pay about $80 more to get         a camera having this fast a shutter speed.”

Furthermore, supplemental assertions may be offered by the editor that are category specific. For example, ‘Bluetooth’ wireless ability may be an expensive feature for manufactures to provide it in a digital camera. If a camera is provided with such a feature, the price of the camera will reflect this fact and may count as a good value. However, the editor may recognize that this is not a very important feature, and not of very much usefulness to most users of the product category. In this case, a secondary attribute could be introduced to state this fact where applicable, and the summary generation module 50 may generate a sentence that would say something like:

-   -   “Although this camera has relatively good value for its         features, a substantial part of the price you are paying         accounts for the Bluetooth ability, which only a small number of         users will find useful.”

Moreover, the summary generation module 50 may be adapted to generate the suitability theme through contextualization of the primary scenario. The primary scenario is the scenario in which a product scores the highest in its value rating as described in the '189 application or a scenario that has been manually set as to be the primary scenario by the editor. The various scenario glosses which are phrases established for each scenario to describe the activities, settings and environments, etc. pertaining to that scenario, are easily assembled into a sentence by the summary generation module 50. In addition, of the reserved themes described above, suitability is most likely to have supplemental themes added to it, since use cases are so specific to the product category in question.

For example, for digital cameras, the editors that set up the product summary generator 10 of the present invention may desired to characterize which digital cameras as being suitable for sports-action photography, for instance, digital cameras having fast shutter speeds and short delays between shots. This would of course be a secondary attribute, which would become the basis of an assertion assigned to the “Suitability” theme.

In many cases, an attribute will be unknown to most users, or the meaning of its various values will not be of clear relevance in their minds. In such cases, an optional, generic explanation can be attached to any sentence referencing such an attribute. For example, for shutter speed, the summary generation module 50 may be adapted to generate a sentence that would say something like:

-   -   “Faster shutter speeds allows you to ‘freeze’ the action in a         snapshot, and also help cancel the ‘shake effect’ of an unsteady         hand when shooting with a high powered zoom.”

The product summary generator 10 may also be provided with a configurable verbosity setting in which the editor and/or the user can select the length of discussion provided by the generated product summary so that the product summary may be really short, really long, or in between. Based on the verbosity setting of the product summary generator 10, the generic explanation may be either included or omitted.

Many assertions described above read perfectly fine when taken in isolation. However, when these assertions are assembled into a product summary, they can combine in ways that are entirely unnatural sounding. Therefore, the product summary generator 10 of the illustrated embodiment is adapted to ensure that the product summary generated reads naturally and in a narrative manner. In particular, the summary generation module 50 may refer to the same thing or attach the same sort of predicate twice in a row, which is not natural in human language. This may be resolved by merging two assertions into one.

For example, in providing discussions regarding noteworthy features, two features may be found that are both noteworthy in an absolute sense, but not in a relative sense. In the example of digital cameras, the two features may be resolution and shutter speed. Independently, the two assertions might be formed by the summary generation module 50 as follows:

-   -   “Noteworthy features: Has 5.1 megapixel resolution, which is         considerably better than most cameras, although it is to be         expected in a camera costing this much. Has 1/5000th second         shutter speed, which is much faster than that of most cameras,         although it is to be expected in a camera costing this much.”

Note that in the above example, the two assertions would read fine and naturally when read independently. However, when the two assertions are read in succession, the two assertions sound robotic. Therefore, the product summary generator 10 may be adapted to monitor the result type of the description generated relative to the ranked attribute as discussed above relative to the noteworthy features theme. When the product summary generator 10 receives the same result type twice in a row, it may be adapted to adjust the grammar accordingly to generate a sentence that would say something like:

-   -   “Noteworthy features: Has 5.1 megapixel resolution and 1/5000th         second shutter speed, both of which are superior to most cameras         on the market, but to be expected in a camera costing this         much.”

As can be appreciated, by monitoring repetition of references or predicates, an assertion that merges two different assertions while reading naturally can be generated by the product summary generator 10. Other forms of repetition may include, but are not limited to: mention of two features are exceptional for the scenario in question; mentioning that a particular competitive product outperforms the current model in two attributes at the same time, etc. Furthermore, any number of grammatical forms may be used to merge or connect these assertions. For example, providing the word “also” in between the two independent assertions, or completely merging the assertions into a single sentence as described above, may be used to merge or connect the assertions.

Many secondary attribute values have negative or positive connotations associated with them. Furthermore, every assertion template may optionally designate the attribute from which it derives its own connotation, for example, the key attribute of the template. When generating a product summary, the product summary generator 10 is adapted to monitor the connotation of the preceding and succeeding assertion templates from which each assertion is being generated. It notes whether the transition between the two is contiguous or contrasting, i.e. whether it is the same, or not the same connotation. In such an implementation, a snippet for both conditions, contiguous and contrasting may be provided within each assertion template which can be appropriately used based on the desired connotation. The snippets can be as simple as just the text string “Also, . . . ” for contiguous transition, and the string “However, . . . ” for contrasting transition. Of course, other snippets may be provided as well that has more structure such as the phrase “On the other hand, when it comes just to [attribute short singular name], . . . ”

Because the product summary generator 10 of the present invention is primarily designed for the purpose of facilitating the evaluation of products in one or more product categories, the flow between negative and positive remarks is important to the naturalness of the text. Tracking the connotation context and using the appropriate contiguous and contrasting transitional phrases as described above provides this ability and results in generation of product summaries that sound natural and narrative as if the product summaries were written by a person such as an editor.

In fact, the lack of such transitions can actually make an otherwise natural text seem contradictory. For example, consider the following paragraph that has been generated with proper transitions:

-   -   “Overall, this camera's features are average for this price         point. On the other hand, when it comes to resolution, you would         typically have to pay around 22% more to get a general-purpose         camera that matches its 3.2 megapixels.”

The same paragraph would read very differently if transitions were disregarded:

-   -   “Overall, this camera's features are average for this price         point. You would typically have to pay around 22% more to get a         general-purpose camera that matches its 3.2 megapixels.”

It should be very clear that in the latter version, the second sentence seems to contradict the first and is likely to be dissonant in the mind of the reader. In the former version, the second seems to supplement and complete the first one.

As described above relative to FIG. 2A, the product summary generated by the product summary generator 10 of the illustrated embodiment is provided with a plurality of themes such as “Introduction” and “Noteworthy Features”, each theme setting forth the intended purpose of one or more sentences and unifying such sentences in the generated product summary. In this regard, the summary generation module 50 may be implemented to generate a product summary with a separate theme such as “Alternative Product Recommendation” theme that allows generation of a narrative sentence or sentences that recommend the alternative product to the user for consideration.

The alternative product recommended may be the same as the comparable product discussed above which may be identified for the consumer in the narrative of various themes to facilitate assessment of the selected product that is reviewed in the product summary. However, the alternative product may also differ from the comparative product in that the actual product recommended may not be really comparable to the selected product which is reviewed by the product summary generated. For example, an alternative product that is outside the near-price margin may be recommended. In another example, an alternative product that is outside the near-rank margin may be recommended. In yet another example, an alternative product that has a primary scenario that is different from the selected product reviewed may be recommended. Such alternative products would generally not be considered comparable to the original selected product, but nonetheless, be recommended as described in further detail below.

As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the sentence providing the alternative recommendation may be located within the generated product summary 100, after the weaker or negative features theme, for example. Thus, in another example of digital cameras, if a 3-megapixel compact camera costing $320 is weak in its optical zoom and has only 2×, the summary generation module 50 may be adapted mention this weakness in the weaker features theme, and then, provide a recommendation regarding an alternative product in the alternative recommendation theme (for example, Theme 3) thereafter with a sentence that says something like:

-   -   “You may want to consider the HP™ 725xi, a 3.1 megapixel compact         camera at around $329 which provides similar features but has 4×         optical zoom.”         Of course, the sentence recommending the alternative product may         be provided in a different location within the product summary         in other implementations.

The alternative recommendation theme may be implemented in a similar manner as the other themes of the product summary as discussed previously. The assertion models module 40 may retrieve an appropriate assertion model from the assertion model database 42 created for the alternative recommendation theme to generate the alternative recommendation. In particular, an assertion model with a set of assertion templates implemented as one or more sentence patterns may be retrieved from the assertion templates database 45 and used in conjunction associated snippets of the snippets database 47 to generate one or more sentences that recommend the alternative product in a naturally sounding manner.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the product summary generator 10 in accordance with the illustrated embodiment, includes an alternative product selection module 60 which identifies and/or selects the alternative product to recommend from a plurality of candidate alternative products that are stored in the alternative products database 64. The alternative product selection module 60 may select the alternative product recommended based any appropriate criterion. Thus, the alternative products database 64 may include attributes, severity values for each of the attributes, and other determined values, as well as other information regarding each of the candidate alternative products in a particular product category. In addition, the alternative products selection module 60 may further specify predetermined values for various criterion such as the near-price margin, near-price margin, and severity threshold values which may be utilized in the manner described in further detail below.

It is initially important to recognize that the alternative product that is recommended in the generated product summary by the product summary generator 10 may be a different brand, i.e. a product from a different manufacturer. However, it should also be appreciated that the alternative product recommended may be a different model of the same brand (i.e. from the same manufacturer) that is superior to the product reviewed in the generated product summary.

The alternative product that is selected from the plurality of candidate alternative products stored in the alternative products database 64 by the alternative products selection module 60 may share the same primary scenario, cost about the same, and be similar with respect to the key feature of the product category as the product reviewed in the generated product summary. However, as noted above, the selected alternative product recommended may be superior to the selected product being considered by the consumer and reviewed by the generated product summary, such recommendations regarding superior products being more likely to be followed by the consumer. Thus, the alternative product recommendation theme can be used to up-sell and encourage the consumer to purchase a more expensive product.

The alternative product identified and/or selected by the alternative product selection module 60 from the plurality of candidate alternative products of the alternative products database 64 may be attained based on the primary scenario in which a product scores the highest in its value rating, or a usage scenario that has been indicated as being the primary scenario. Thus, for the example of digital cameras, the alternative product selection module 60 may be implemented to only recommend alternative products that are suitable for sports-action photography, for instance, if this was the primary scenario for the digital camera being reviewed in the generated product summary.

In other implementations, other criterions may be set for which the recommended alternative product must satisfy. For instance, again for digital cameras, the alternative product selection module 60 may require the alternative product recommended in the generated product summary to have a comparable resolution that falls within the near-rank margin, and have a price that falls within the near-price margin. Thus, the alternative product selected by the alternative product selection module 60 from the plurality of candidate alternative products may be a product which is substantially the same, or better, with respect to near-rank margin, or near-price margin, severity values for a particular attribute, etc. Of course, the above noted criteria are merely provided as examples and any appropriate criteria, including combinations of those noted above, may be used by the product summary generator 10 to determine which alternative product from the plurality of candidate alternative products should be recommended to the consumer.

The selection of the alternative product to be recommended may be implemented in any appropriate manner. In the present embodiment, the alternative product selection module 60 may be implemented to calculate severity differentials between each of the plurality of attributes for the plurality of candidate alternative products and the consumer selected product about which the narrative product summary is generated. This calculated severity differentials, severity values, near-price margin, near-rank margin, as well as the scenario of the selected product can be used by the alternative product selection module 60 of the product summary generator 10 to identify and select an alternative product from the plurality of alternative products for recommendation. Nine example cases are described in detail below that can be utilized to identify appropriate candidate alternative products that may be selected for use in providing the alternative product recommendation. Of course, it should be kept in mind that these cases are examples only and the present invention may be implemented in a different manner utilizing different criteria, etc.

In the first case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select the alternative product for recommendation in the product summary narrative by identifying a candidate alternative product in the alternative products database 64 which provides a similar price, but better features than the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated. In this regard, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product which is within a predetermined near-price margin of the selected product, has at least one attribute with a severity value that is above a predetermined severity differential threshold, and has the same primary scenario as the selected product.

In the second case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product which has similar features, but a lower price than the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated. This may be attained by selecting a candidate alternative product which is within a predetermined near-rank margin for the key attribute and for all attributes of the selected product that are above a predetermined high severity threshold, is priced lower and outside a predetermined near-price margin, and has the same primary scenario as the selected product.

In the third case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product which has better features, but a lower price than the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated. This may be attained by selecting a candidate alternative product which has at least one attribute with a severity value that is above a predetermined severity differential threshold, is priced lower and outside a predetermined near-price margin, and has the same primary scenario as the selected product.

In the fourth case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product which has similar features, and a similar price as the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated. This may be attained by selecting a candidate alternative product which is within a predetermined near-price margin, is within a predetermined near-rank margin for the key attribute and for all attributes of the selected product that are above a predetermined high severity threshold, and has the same primary scenario as the selected product.

In the fifth case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product which has similar features, and a similar price as the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated, but is identified as being intended for a different usage scenario. This may be attained by selecting a candidate alternative product which is within a predetermined near-price margin, is within a predetermined near-rank margin for the key attribute and for all attributes of the selected product that are above a predetermined high severity threshold, and has a different primary scenario than the selected product.

As previously noted, the alternative product recommended may be a different model from the same manufacturer that is superior to the product reviewed in the generated product summary. In this regard, in the sixth case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product to provide a comparable up-sell product which has the same usage scenario and is the same brand as the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated, except having better features and a higher price. This may be attained by selecting a candidate alternative product which is priced higher and outside a predetermined near-price margin; has at least one attribute with a severity value that is above a predetermined severity differential threshold, is from the same manufacturer as the selected product, and has the same primary scenario as the selected product.

Alternatively, in the seventh case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product to provide a comparable up-sell product which is the same brand as the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated, except having better features, a higher price, and a different usage scenario. This may be attained by selecting a candidate alternative product which is priced higher and outside a predetermined near-price margin, has at least one attribute with a severity value that is above a predetermined severity differential threshold, is from the same manufacturer as the selected product, and has the same primary scenario as the selected product.

In the eighth case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product to cross-upsell in which a product from a different manufacturer that is greater in price and features than the selected product, and preferably within a predetermined near-rank margin, is recommended. In this embodiment, the alternative product may be selected either from within the same usage scenario, or from a different usage scenario. This case of cross-upsell is useful when the premier brand's products, for which an alternative product recommendation is desired, does not offer any product that is really better than the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated. Thus, if no products of the premier brand provides superior features for the price, lower price for the features, or similar price and features, an alternative product from the premier brand can be identified and selected for recommendation, even though the alternative product may cost more.

In still the ninth case, the alternative product selection module 60 may select a candidate alternative product which is a “budget alternative” product from the same manufacturer by recommending a “downsell” product with a lower price and likely a bit less features, but preferably within a predetermined near-rank margin. In such a case, the candidate alternative product may be selected from within the same scenario or from a different scenario. This case is valuable when the selected product for which the narrative product summary is generated happens to be one of the most expensive, most fully featured products that the manufacturer offers so that there are no other product that can be recommended as better so as to allow upselling. Thus, in the described case, the message to the end user in the alternative product recommendation theme may be “if the model you are looking at is a bit too expensive for your budget, please consider this other model from the same brand, but which costs less, and requires you to merely trade off a couple of features to get the lower price.”

It should be emphasized that the above described cases are just example embodiments, and any of the embodiments can be modified or otherwise altered in other implementations based on the various considerations associated with implementing the product summary generator 10. For example, rather than identifying and selecting for an upsell beyond the near-price margin, the system may be implemented to identify and select an upsell alternative product which is higher in price by a certain amount than the product for which the product summary is generated.

Of course, more than one of the candidate alternative products may satisfy each of the desired criteria that are set forth in each of the various cases described above. In such instances, the candidate alternative products which best satisfy the criteria of each of the cases can be identified, and the alternative product select module 60 can then select one of the identified candidate alternative products for recommendation. In this regard, determining which of the candidate alternative products best satisfy the criteria may be facilitated by optionally weighting or biasing the determination to favor one candidate alternative product over the others.

For example, selection of a candidate alternative product may be selected by favoring one type of alternative product recommendation over another. This may be based on user behavior analysis which shows one type of alternative product recommendation is more effective in encouraging the user to follow the generated recommendation, for all users generally, or for users within a certain category. Alternatively, this may be based on analysis for a certain user who is making a repeat visit to the website, for example, and who has shown a predilection toward one type of alternative product recommendation in the past, e.g. shown to opt for a lower price for the same features, rather than for a chance to get extra features at the same price.

In another example, selection of a candidate alternative product may be facilitated by favoring one manufacturer over another, if more than one manufacturer's products are represented and are available for selection and recommendation in the alternative product recommendation theme. This may be based on any business reason, whether the reason is revenue driven or other strategic consideration.

In still another example, selection of a candidate alternative product may be facilitated based on text of the possible alternative product recommendation. In particular, the administrator of the product summary generator 10 or a website serviced thereby, may prefer lengthier texts over shorter ones, or prefer alternative product recommendations that point to a particular scenario of product with the belief that the particular scenario is currently “in vogue”. For instance, if smart-phones or camera-bearing devices are popular and are considered to be “the hottest thing” in handheld PDAs, the administrator may desire to bias the alternative product recommendations to direct the end user to candidate alternative PDA products that have these particular features.

In yet another example, selection of a candidate alternative product may be facilitated by favoring variation, either among the alternative product recommendation types, scenarios, and/or brands, so that if more than one alternative product recommendation is displayed, the selected alternative product that is recommended is not the same brand or type. Any of the above described biases, weightings or other parameters may be used to aid in selection of the candidate alternative product. However, such biases and weightings should not be overly emphasized in the preferred embodiment so as to neutralize the natural and logical assessment within the alternative product selection module 60 that identifies and recommends the best, most favorably comparing alternative product.

Preferably, the alternative product selection module 60 considers the alternative products identified in all of the above described cases before selecting the desired alternative product or products for recommendation in the product summary. In this regard, any appropriate criterion can be utilized in selection of the identified candidate products from the plurality of identified candidate alternative products satisfying the criterion of the cases set forth and described above. For example, in one embodiment, the brand of the identified candidate alternative product may be used to determine which of the products identified in each of the above cases is to be selected for use in recommendation in the product summary. In particular, the information that is stored in the alternative products database 64 may include information regarding the brand/manufacturer of each of the candidate alternative product identified. One or more of the brands of the candidate alternative products may be flagged as being a premier brand for a particular product category. The alternative product selection module 60 may then select the alternative product identified that is from a premier brand for use in the recommendation theme. Of course, use of brands is only one example of how the alternative product selection module 60 can select the desired alternative product from the identified candidate products, and in other embodiments, other criteria or methodologies may be used.

Moreover, each of the above described cases preferably have corresponding assertions (with models, templates and snippets) that are utilized by the assertion model module 40. Thus, depending on which of the identified candidate alternative products is actually selected by the alternative product selection module 60, the summary generation module 50 utilizes corresponding assertions from the assertion model module 40 to provide a natural narrative that recommends the selected alternative product in the “Alternative Product Recommendation” theme of the generated product summary.

All of the foregoing considerations allow assertions for alternative product summaries to be modeled globally, i.e. without respect to which category of product is in question (e.g. vacuums, digital cameras or cars), so long as a basic vocabulary is resident in the product summary generator 10 by which to refer to the products in the particular product category. Generating an alternative product recommendation with an assertion for a camera that states “You can get a higher resolution for the same price in this CANON™ model”, or for a car that states “You can get additional horsepower for a similar price in this MUSTANG™”, are essentially the same assertion template being instantiated for two different categories. However, some specialized explanation assertions may be implemented to further enhance the value prospect of the recommended alternative product of a particular product category and the recommendation itself.

For example, the benefit of more horsepower in a car is quite different from the benefit of more resolution in a digital camera, despite the fact that both generally follow a “more is better” pattern. In the case of the car, an assertion template may be provided with a condition requiring that the template be triggered only where the comparative attribute of the preceding sentence is “horsepower”. Following such a sentence, the next template may be implemented as follows:

-   -   The additional<AddedHorsepower::unit> of the         <CompProduct::manufacturer><CompProduct:ModelName> will put you         in a different class of vehicles, enabling you to claim that you         have a real “muscle car.”         The instantiated sentence using the above template may thus,         read:     -   The additional 45 horses of the FORD MUSTANG™ RS will put you in         a different class of vehicles, enabling you to claim that you         have a real “muscle car.”         This type of follow-on sentence allows for domain-specific         customization of the global structure of alternative product         recommendations to a specific product category, and even to         specific attribute-based benefits within the product category.

The APPENDIX attached hereto shows a small sampling of various naturally reading alternative product recommendations that have been generated using a product summary generator in accordance with one example implementation of the present invention. In particular, the rows of the APPENDIX list various models of handheld PCs and PDAs while the columns set forth possible alternative product recommendations for the corresponding models of handheld PCs or PDAs. Each of the possible alternative product recommendations is a result of the alternative product selection module 60 identifying a possible candidate product by applying the various example cases described in detail above. Thus, if the selected product for which the product summary is generated is HP™ IPAQ™ Pocket PC H3635 (the first handheld PC listed in the APPENDIX), various alternative product recommendations may be generated by the product summary generator that recommends, for example, PALM™ TUNGSTENT™ or SONY™ CLIE™ models. As shown, each potential alternative product recommendation briefly describes how these alternative products compare to the selected product. One or more of the possible alternative product recommendations may be ultimately selected for display in the “Alternative Product Recommendation” theme of the generated product summary. Of course, it should be understood that the alternative product recommendations set forth in the attached APPENDIX are provided as illustrative examples only, and the present invention may be applied in any other appropriate manner.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the “Alternative Product Recommendation” theme discussed in detail above that is generated by the product summary generator 10 may actually be utilized as an advertisement in which the manufacturers of products pay fees or provide other compensation to the administrator of the product summary generator 10 for recommending their products. Thus, the described alternative product recommendation theme may be used to cross-sell a product where the alternative product recommended is a product from a different manufacturer than the selected product described in the product summary. Alternatively, the described alternative product recommendation theme may be used to up-sell a product where the alternative product recommended is a different, and more expensive, model from the same manufacturer.

In the above regard, only products from manufacturers that pay the advertisement fee may be stored in the alternative products database 64 for consideration for use in the alternative product recommendation theme of the generated product summary. In addition, the amount of the advertisement fees itself, may be used by the alternative product selection module 60 in the selection of one of the identified candidate alternative products for recommendation in the product summary. In particular, the amount of advertisement fee may be correlated to the frequency in which a particular alternative product is to be recommended in the Alternative Product Recommendation theme. Of course, other parameters may be utilized to control the frequency in which a particular alternative product is recommended. In other implementations, the fees can be paid upon an actual sales of the recommended product that is attributed to the product being recommended in the Alternative Product Recommendation theme, the attribution of the actual sales to the recommendation being implemented in any appropriate manner.

To the extent that competing product manufactures vie for having their own products recommended in the Alternative Product Recommendation theme, any appropriate method may be utilized to determine which product is actually recommended. In this regard, the competing product manufacturers may be allowed to bid against each other, like in an auction, for the right to be recommended in the Alternative Product Recommendation, the right to the recommendation being awarded to the highest bidding manufacturer.

In the above regard, in another embodiment, the manufacturer may bid to be the only manufacturer, or one of a few manufacturers, whose products are included in a limited sub-pool of alternative products which are eligible for selection for recommendation by the alternative product selection module 60. The best and most favorable alternative product in the sub-pool would then be selected for recommendation. If more than one manufacturer is represented with products in the limited sub-pool for the same category of products, an optional weighting factor based on the highest bid may be provided so that the products from the highest bidder may be selected. Of course, in such an implementation, the selection of the alternative product may be based on another business consideration, for example, if a revenue model other than bidding is utilized for payment.

Whereas various themes have been described in detail above, including the “Alternative Product Recommendation” theme, the editors that set up the product summary generator 10 may add any number of supplemental themes as well. For example, in the product category of digital cameras, editors may add “suggested uses” theme or “suggested accessories” theme, and so forth. Such supplemental themes would preferably be based on secondary attributes and implemented in a manner similar to that described above relative to the other themes. For example, suggested accessories may include a dedicated photo printer, but for low-resolution cameras, this would not be a recommended accessory since such cameras do not have sufficient resolution to make such printers worthwhile.

The compilation of assertions and their modification via merging and insertion of transitional phrases can leave the resulting “sentences” in an interim state where they lack correct punctuation and capitalization, etc. Routines may be called and utilized by the product summary generator 10 near the end of every generation sequence to clean up such formatting. Such routines are already known in the art and need not be described in further detail here. When each theme has been generated, the themes desired which may be predetermined or otherwise selected from the interface to the product summary generator 10 may be called up, labeled, and generated as a list of paragraphs.

Based on the interface of the product summary generator 10, the product summary that has been generated in the manner described above may be displayed and/or printed, etc. In one embodiment, the generated product summary may be a continuous body of text. In another embodiment, the themes of the generated product summary may be set forth in separate paragraphs as shown in the example product summary 120 of FIG. 2B. Alternatively, the interface of the product summary generator 10 may include a set of tabs, each tab labeled with one theme of the product summary. In still another alternative interface, a list of the themes may be provided with a cursor-over effect such that whichever label the person holds the cursor over, the appropriate theme is displayed in a shared display panel. Of course, the above noted interface designs are exemplary only and many alternatives may be implemented instead.

It should now be apparent how the present invention provides a product summary generator which generates product summaries that sound and read naturally so that it can be easily understood by the reader and information presented therein can be used to aid in purchasing decisions. In particular, it should now be evident how the product summary generator such as that shown in FIG. 1 may be utilized to automatically generate product summaries having a form such as that schematically shown in FIG. 2A from various inputs such as attribute values, attribute ranks, prices, scenario information, product category information, attribute importance rating, secondary attribute functions and rules, and assertion models. By providing the required information regarding a particular product of a product category (via a file or a database), the product summary generator can be used to automatically generate a product summary which reads naturally.

Furthermore, it should also be evident how the present invention provides a novel method of generating product summaries, an example method being schematically illustrated in the flow diagram 200 of FIG. 4. As shown, the method as shown in flow diagram 200 includes step 202 in which attribute(s) associated with the selected product is determined. In step 204, secondary attributes are determined, and assertion model having assertion templates is retrieved in step 206. Severity values are then determined in step 208 based on importance ratings and attribute ranks. In accordance with the illustrated method, a naturally reading narrative regarding the selected product is generated in step 210 by combining a second attribute with retrieved assertion model. In one embodiment, the generated product summary of step 210 would include an alternative product recommendation in which an alternative product is identified and a brief description thereof is provided for consideration by the consumer. The secondary attribute used may be based on the determined severity values of step 208.

Moreover, it should also be evident how the present invention provides still another novel method of generating product summaries such as that schematically illustrated in the flow diagram 300 of FIG. 5. As shown, the method as shown in flow diagram 300 includes step 304 in which at least one attribute associated with the selected product is determined. As described, the attribute includes at least one of an attribute name, an attribute value, and an attribute unit. The method also includes step 306 in which an alternative product is identified. In step 308, assertion models are retrieved to describe the selected product, and to recommend an alternative product in a natural manner. Finally, the method includes step 310 in which a naturally reading narrative is generated by combining the attribute and the selected alternative product with the retrieved assertion models such that the generated narrative includes a recommendation of the selected alternative product.

Of course, it should also be noted that the above described flow diagrams are merely example methods of generating product summaries and the present invention should not be construed to be limited thereto. Various other methods for generating product summaries should be now evident in view of the teachings set forth above. Moreover, various other steps as described previously relative to the product summary generator 10 may be provided as well in other embodiments of the method. For example, the steps of assigning key attributes, calculating an average price of comparable products, and/or designating themes to the assertion models, etc. as described above relative to the product summary generator 10 may be provided as well.

While various embodiments in accordance with the present invention have been shown and described, it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto. The present invention may be changed, modified and further applied by those skilled in the art. Therefore, this invention is not limited to the detail shown and described previously, but also includes all such changes and modifications.

APPENDIX Product Name AdBrief Themes HP iPaq [CompBetterFeatures- [CompCrossUpSell] [AltSameFeatures- [CompCrossUpSell] Pocket ForLess] [0.81] To [0.39] For a bit AndPrice] [0.36] [0.27] For a PC H3650 help decide if the HP more money than If you would like little more money iPAQ H3650 is your the HP iPAQ to consider a than the HP iPAQ best choice in a H3650, you can wireless enabled H3650, you could handheld, you may get the Palm handheld with buy the Sony want to take a look at Tungsten T2 many similar CLIÉ PEG- the Sony CLIÉ PEG- having its richer features to the N610C having its SJ22, as it will display (16-bit, HP iPAQ H3650, richer display provide you some 64,000-color, as and for around (16-bit, 64,000- advantages at a opposed to 12-bit, the same cost, color, as opposed lower price than the 4,000-color). If you then check out to 12-bit, 4,000- HP iPAQ H3650. For want to look at an the Sony CLIE color). As an example, it has a 16- interesting PEG-TJ37. It interesting bit, 64,000-color upgrade option, sells for around upgrade option, display, which is you could pay just $275. Just like you could pay richer than the HP a bit more and the HP model, just a bit more iPAQ H3650 (12-bit, have the Palm the Sony has 32 MB and have the 4,000-color). Tungsten T2, memory. And Sony CLIÉ PEG- Moreover, the Sony which has a few it has a 320 × 320 N610C, which CLIÉ PEG-SJ22 additional benefits. screen resolution, has a few usually goes for For example, it which you can additional around $150, as has a 16-bit, compare to the benefits. For opposed to $255 for 64,000-color 240 × 320 of the example, it has a the HP iPAQ H3650. display, compared HP model. The 16-bit, 64,000- to the 12-bit, higher resolution color display, 4,000-color of the will come in compared to the HP iPAQ H3650. handy if you want 12-bit, 4,000- And it will only to use your color of the HP cost you about handheld as a iPAQ H3650. And $40 more than the viewer for photos it will only cost HP iPAQ H3650 from a digital you about $35 (i.e., around camera. more than the HP $295). iPAQ H3650 (i.e., around $290). HP iPaq [AltSameFeaturesAnd- [AltSameFeatures- [AltCrossUpSell] [AltCrossUpSell] BlackBerry Price] [0.81] If you AndPrice] [0.54] [0.37] If you're [0.23] Before you W1000 are interested in a The Sony CLIE interested in decide to buy the multimedia handheld PEG-TJ27 something that is HP iPAQ with many similar provides some a little more Blackberry features to the HP similar features to feature-rich, you W1000, you iPAQ Blackberry the HP iPAQ could get the might want to W1000, and for Blackberry Palm Zire 71, a compare it to the around the same W1000, in a multimedia Sony CLIE PEG- cost, then check out multimedia handheld, which TJ37, a wireless the Palm Tungsten E. handheld. It goes has certain enabled It sells for around for around $190. advantages. For handheld which $190. Similar in many Similar in many of example, it has a has a few of its features, the its features, the 320 × 320 screen additional Palm weighs just 4.6 Sony weighs just resolution, benefits. ounces, which is 5.1 ounces, which compared to the Although it will similar to the 5 is similar to the 5 132 × 65 of the HP cost you about ounces of the HP ounces of the HP iPAQ Blackberry $75 more than model, and it also model, and it also W1000. The the HP iPAQ has a mere 0.5 inch has a mere 0.5 higher resolution Blackberry thickness, which inch thickness, will come in W1000, it will again is similar to the which again is handy if you want bring you into a 0.9 inch of the HP similar to the 0.9 to use your different class of model. The weight of inch of the HP handheld as a handhelds. For a handheld is model. The weight viewer for photos example, it has significant for those of a handheld is from a digital 32 MB memory, who will be holding it significant for camera. compared to the for lengthy periods of those who will be Additionally, the 512 KB of the HP time and may be holding it for Palm Zire 71 has iPAQ Blackberry subject to hand and lengthy periods of 16 MB memory, W1000. finger fatigue. time and may be as opposed to Additionally, the subject to hand 512 KB for the Sony CLIE PEG- and finger fatigue. HP iPAQ TJ37 has a Blackberry 320 × 320 screen W1000. And at resolution, as $225, it costs just opposed to $25 more than 132 × 65 for the the HP iPAQ HP iPAQ Blackberry Blackberry W1000. W1000. The higher resolution will come in handy if you want to use your handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. Palm Zire [CompUpSell] [0.35] [AltUpSell] [0.26] If you want to look at Before you decide an interesting to buy the Palm upgrade option, you Zire, you might could pay just a bit want to compare it more and get the to the Palm Palm Tungsten T, Tungsten E, a which has a few multimedia additional benefits. handheld which Although it will cost has certain you about $225 more advantages. than the Palm Zire, it Although it will will bring you into a cost you about different class of $120 more than handhelds. For the Palm Zire, it instance, it has a will bring you into 320 × 320 screen a different class of resolution, compared handhelds. For to the 160 × 160 of the example, it has 32 MB Palm Zire. The higher memory, resolution will come compared to the 2 MB in handy if you want of the Palm to use your handheld Zire. Additionally, as a viewer for the Palm photos from a digital Tungsten E has a camera. Additionally, 320 × 320 screen the Palm Tungsten T resolution, as has 16 MB memory, opposed to as opposed to 2 MB 160 × 160 for the memory for the Palm Palm Zire. The Zire. higher resolution will come in handy if you want to use your handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. Sony [CompDownSell] [AltDownSell] CLIÉ [0.36] If you want to [0.15] Without PEG- spend a little less spending as much NX70V money, you could get money, you could the Sony CLIÉ PEG- get the Sony CLIÉ N760C. It has 8 MB PEG-N610C. It memory, which you has 8 MB can compare to the memory, which 16 MB of the Sony you can compare CLIÉ PEG-NX70V. to the 16 MB of And it will cost you the Sony CLIÉ about $85 less than PEG-NX70V. the Sony CLIÉ PEG- Also, its $290 NX70V (i.e., around street price is $370). about $165 less than the Sony CLIÉ PEG- NX70V. Palm [CompUpSell] [0.46] [AltUpSell] [0.36] If Tungsten T As an interesting you're interested Handheld upgrade option, you in something that could pay just a bit is a little more more and have the feature-rich, you Palm Tungsten T3, could get the Palm which has certain Tungsten C, a advantages. Although wireless enabled it will cost you about handheld, which $105 more than the has a few Palm Tungsten T, it additional benefits. will bring you into a For instance, it different class of has 64 MB handhelds. For memory, example, it has 64 MB compared to the memory, 16 MB of the Palm compared to the 16 MB Tungsten T. And of the Palm at $355, it costs Tungsten T. just $60 more than the Palm Tungsten T. HP iPaq [CompBetterFeatures- [CompBetterFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- Pocket ForLess] [0.84] To ForPrice] [0.57] AndPrice] [0.33] AndPrice] [0.31] PC H3635 help decide if the HP For around the If you would like The Sony CLIE iPAQ H3635 is your same price as the to consider a PEG-TJ37 best choice in a HP iPAQ H3635, multimedia provides some handheld, you may you could get the handheld with similar features to want to take a look at Palm Tungsten T2 many similar the HP iPAQ the Sony CLIÉ PEG- with its richer features to the H3635, in a SJ22, as it will give display (16-bit, HP iPAQ H3635, wireless enabled you certain additional 64,000-color, as and for around handheld. It costs benefits at a lower opposed to 12-bit, the same cost, around $275. price than the HP 4,000-color). then check out Just like the HP iPAQ H3635. For the Palm model, the Sony example, it has a 16- Tungsten T2. It has 32 MB bit, 64,000-color sells for around memory. And it display, which is $295. Just like has a 320 × 320 richer than the HP the HP model, screen resolution, iPAQ H3635 (12-bit, the Palm has 32 MB which you can 4,000-color). memory. And compare to the Moreover, the Sony it has a 320 × 320 240 × 320 of the CLIÉ PEG-SJ22 screen resolution, HP model. The usually goes for which you can higher resolution about $150, compare to the will come in compared to $300 for 240 × 320 of the handy if you want the HP iPAQ H3635. HP model. The to use your higher resolution handheld as a will come in viewer for photos handy if you want from a digital to use your camera. handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. HP iPaq [CompBetterFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltCrossUpSell] Pocket ForPrice] [0.57] AndPrice] [0.37] [0.35] Before you PC H3765 Before purchasing The Palm decide to buy the the HP iPAQ H3765, Tungsten C HP iPAQ H3765, you may want to provides some you might want to consider the Palm similar features to compare it to the Tungsten T3, which the HP iPAQ Sony CLIÉ PEG- for around the same H3765, in a UX50, a price has a 16-bit, wireless enabled multimedia 64,000-color display handheld. It costs handheld which (i.e., richer than the around $410. In has certain 12-bit, 4,000-color of many ways like advantages. the HP iPAQ H3765). the HP, the Palm Although it will has 64 MB cost you about memory and $130 more than weighs just 6.3 the HP iPAQ ounces. H3765, it will bring you into a different class of handhelds. For example, it has a 16-bit, 64,000- color display, compared to the 12-bit, 4,000- color of the HP iPAQ H3765. Garmin [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompBetterPrice- iQue 3600 Features] [0.9] It's ForFeatures] possible for you to [0.62] It's possible get some similar for you to get features to the some similar Garmin iQue 3600, features to the but at a lower price of Garmin iQue around $190, in the 3600, but at a Palm OS-based Palm lower price of Tungsten E. Just like around $190, in the Garmin, the Palm the Palm OS- has 32 MB memory based Sony CLIE and has a 16-bit, PEG-TJ27. Just 64,000-color display. like the Garmin, the Sony has 32 MB memory and has a 16-bit, 64,000-color display. Sony [CompUpSell] [0.56] [AltUpSell] [0.26] CLIÉ For just a little more Before you decide PEG-SJ33 money, you could to buy the Sony move up to the Sony CLIÉ PEG-SJ33, CLIE PEG-TJ35, you might want to which has a few compare it to the additional benefits. Sony CLIE PEG- For instance, it has TJ37, a wireless 32 MB memory, enabled handheld against the 16 MB of which has a few the Sony CLIÉ PEG- additional benefits. SJ33. And it will only Although it will cost you about $20 cost you about more than the Sony $105 more than CLIÉ PEG-SJ33 (i.e., the Sony CLIÉ around $190). PEG-SJ33, it will bring you into a different class of handhelds. For instance, it has 32 MB memory, against the 16 MB of the Sony CLIÉ PEG-SJ33. Handspring [CompUpSell] [0.32] [AltUpSell] [0.24] Visor If you want to look at Before you decide Platinum an interesting to buy the Palm (Silver) upgrade option, you Handspring Visor could pay just a bit Platinum, you more and have the might want to Palm m130, which compare it to the has a few additional Palm Tungsten E, benefits. Although it a multimedia will cost you about handheld which $85 more than the has certain Palm Handspring advantages. Visor Platinum, it will Although it will bring you into a cost you about different class of $125 more than handhelds. For the Palm example, it has a 16- Handspring Visor bit, 64,000-color Platinum, it will display, against the bring you into a 4-bit, 16 gray level of different class of the Palm Handspring handhelds. For Visor Platinum. example, it has a 16-bit, 64,000- color display, against the 4-bit, 16 gray level of the Palm Handspring Visor Platinum. In addition, the Palm Tungsten E has 32 MB memory, as opposed to 8 MB for the Palm Handspring Visor Platinum. Palm Zire [CompUpSell] [0.49] [AltUpSell] [0.33] 71 If you want to look at Before you decide an interesting to buy the Palm upgrade option, you Zire 71, you might could pay just a bit want to compare it more and get the to the Palm Palm Tungsten T2, Tungsten T2, a which has certain consumer-oriented advantages. Although handheld which it will cost you about has a few $70 more than the additional benefits. Palm Zire 71, it will Although it will bring you into a cost you about different class of $70 more than the handhelds. For Palm Zire 71, it instance, it has 32 MB will bring you into memory, against a different class of the 16 MB of the handhelds. For Palm Zire 71. example, it has 32 MB memory, against the 16 MB of the Palm Zire 71. Palm [AltDownSell] [0.5] If Tungsten C you want to spend a little less money, you could get many similar advantages in the Palm m515. It has 16 MB memory, which you can compare to the 64 MB of the Palm Tungsten C. It also has a 160 × 160 screen resolution, compated to 320 × 320. The higher resolution will come in handy if you want to use your handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. Additionally, the Palm m515 has a 160 × 160 screen resolution, as opposed to 320 × 320 for the Palm Tungsten C.. The higher resolution will come in handy if you want to use your handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. Also, its $315 street price is about $95 less than the Palm Tungsten C. Compaq [AltSameFeaturesAnd- [CompBetterFeatures- [CompBetterFeatures- [CompCrossUpSell] iPaq Price] [0.67] If you ForPrice] [0.55] ForLess] [0.31] For a H3630 would like to consider There's an [0.48] In contrast bit more money a multimedia interesting to this HP model, than the HP handheld with many alternative to the you can enjoy Compaq iPAQ similar features to the HP Compaq iPAQ certain H3630, you can HP Compaq iPAQ H3630. Selling at advantages buy the Palm H3630, and for around $195, the (while getting a Tungsten T2 with around the same Sony CLIÉ PEG- lower price) in the its richer display cost, then check out SJ30 has a 16-bit, Sony CLIÉ PEG- (16-bit, 64,000- the Palm Tungsten E. 64,000-color SJ22. First of all, color, as opposed It sells for around display, which is it has a 16-bit, to 12-bit, 4,000- $190. Just like the richer than that of 64,000-color color). As an HP model, the Palm the HP product display, which is interesting has 32 MB memory. (12-bit, 4,000- richer than the upgrade option, And it has a 320 × 320 color). HP Compaq you could pay screen resolution, iPAQ H3630 (12- just a bit more which you can bit, 4,000-color). and get the Palm compare to the Moreover, the Tungsten T2, 240 × 320 of the HP Sony CLIÉ PEG- which has a few model. The higher SJ22 usually additional resolution will come goes for about benefits. in handy if you want $150, compared Although it will to use your handheld to $195 for the cost you about as a viewer for HP Compaq $100 more than photos from a digital iPAQ H3630. the HP Compaq camera. iPAQ H3630, it will bring you into a different class of handhelds. For example, it has a 16-bit, 64,000- color display, compared to the 12-bit, 4,000- color of the HP Compaq iPAQ H3630. AlphaSmart [CompBetterFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltCrossUpSell] [AltSameFeatures- Dana ForPrice] [0.91] AndPrice] [0.47] If [0.35] Before you AndPrice] [0.23] Before purchasing you are interested decide to buy the If you would like the Alphasmart Dana, in a wireless Alphasmart to consider a you might want to enabled handheld Dana, you might consumer- take a look at the with many similar want to compare oriented Palm Tungsten T3, features to the it to the Sony handheld with which for around the Alphasmart Dana, CLIÉ PEG- many similar same price has 64 MB and for around the NX70V, a features to the memory (i.e., same cost, then multimedia Alphasmart larger than the 8 MB check out the handheld which Dana, and for of the Alphasmart Sony CLIE PEG- has certain around the same Dana). The Palm TH55. It sells for advantages. For cost, then check model also has a around $380. example, it has a out the Palm mere 3 inch width, mere 2.8 inch Tungsten T3. It which is narrower width, compared sells for around than that of the to the 12.4 inch $400. Alphasmart Dana of the Alphasmart (12.4 inch). The size Dana. The size of of the device can be the device can be a significant factor, a significant for example, if you factor, for intend to carry the example, if you device in your shirt intend to carry pocket or pants the device in your pocket. shirt pocket or pants pocket. In addition, the Sony CLIÉ PEG- NX70V weighs just 8 ounces, as opposed to 2 lbs for the Alphasmart Dana. The weight of a handheld is significant for those who will be holding it for lengthy periods of time and may be subject to hand and finger fatigue. Also, its $455 street price is only $75 more than the Alphasmart Dana. Sony [CompUpSell] [0.4] If [AltUpSell] [0.31] CLIÉ you want to look at Before you decide PEG- an interesting to buy the Sony TG50 upgrade option, you CLIÉ PEG-TG50, could pay just a bit you might want to more and have the compare it to the Sony CLIÉ PEG- Sony CLIE PEG- NX80V, which has TH55, a wireless certain advantages. enabled handheld Although it will cost which has certain you about $140 more advantages. than the Sony CLIÉ Although it will PEG-TG50, it will cost you about bring you into a $100 more than different class of the Sony CLIÉ handhelds. For PEG-TG50, it will example, it has 32 MB bring you into a memory, different class of compared to the 16 MB handhelds. For of the Sony CLIÉ example, it has 32 MB PEG-TG50. memory, compared to the 16 MB of the Sony CLIÉ PEG-TG50. Asus [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompSameFeatures- MyPal Features] [0.55] You AndPrice] A716 could get some [0.22] As an similar features to the additional Asus Mypal A716, alternative, you but at a lower price of can get some around $355, in the similar features to Palm OS-based Palm the Asus Mypal Tungsten C. A716, and at a comparable price of around $410, in the Palm OS- based Palm Tungsten C. VISOR [CompUpSell] [0.38] [AltUpSell] [0.28] EDGE If you want to look at Before you decide BLUE an interesting to buy the Palm 8 MB USB upgrade option, you Visor Edge Blue W/ could pay just a bit 8 MB, you might STOWAWAY more and have the want to compare it PORTABLE Palm m130, which to the Palm KEYBOARD- has certain Tungsten E, a KIT advantages. Although multimedia it will cost you about handheld which $70 more than the has a few Palm Visor Edge additional benefits. Blue 8 MB, it will bring Although it will you into a different cost you about class of handhelds. $110 more than For instance, it has a the Palm Visor 16-bit, 64,000-color Edge Blue 8 MB, it display, compared to will bring you into the 4-bit, 16 gray a different class of level of the Palm handhelds. For Visor Edge Blue example, it has a 8 MB. 16-bit, 64,000- color display, compared to the 4-bit, 16 gray level of the Palm Visor Edge Blue 8 MB. In addition, the Palm Tungsten E has 32 MB memory, as opposed to 8 MB for the Palm Visor Edge Blue 8 MB. Palm [CompDownSell] [AltDownSell] Tungsten [0.39] If you want to [0.29] Without T2 spend a little less spending as much Handheld money, you could get money, you could the Palm Zire 71. It get many similar has 16 MB memory, advantages in the which you can Palm Handspring compare to the 32 MB Visor Prism. It has of the Palm 8 MB memory, Tungsten T2. And at which you can $250, you'll pay $45 compare to the 32 MB less than you would of the Palm for the Palm Tungsten T2. It Tungsten T2. also has a 160 × 160 screen resolution, compated to 320 × 320. The higher resolution will come in handy if you want to use your handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. In addition, the Palm Handspring Visor Prism has a 160 × 160 screen resolution, as opposed to 320 × 320 for the Palm Tungsten T2. The higher resolution will come in handy if you want to use your handheld as a viewer for photos from a digital camera. Also, its $170 street price is about $125 less than the Palm Tungsten T2. Sony [CompDownSell] [AltDownSell] CLIÉ [0.39] If you want to [0.15] If you want PEG- spend a little less to spend a little UX50 money, you could get less money, you many similar could get many advantages in the similar advantages Sony CLIÉ PEG- in the Sony CLIÉ NR70. It has 16 MB PEG-T615CS. It memory, which you has 16 MB can compare to the memory, which 40 MB of the Sony you can compare CLIÉ PEG-UX50. to the 40 MB of And it will cost you the Sony CLIÉ about $90 less than PEG-UX50. And the Sony CLIÉ PEG- at $320, it costs UX50 (i.e., around about $235 less $465). than the Sony CLIÉ PEG-UX50. Sharp [CompCrossUpSell] [AltCrossUpSell] [AltCrossUpSell] YO-P20 [0.21] For a little [0.07] Before you [0.06] Before you Personal more money than the decide to buy the decide to buy the Organizer Sharp YO-P20, you Sharp YO-P20, Sharp YO-P20, could buy the Palm you might want to you might want to Tungsten T2 having compare it to the compare it to the its larger memory (32 MB, Palm Tungsten E, Sony CLIE PEG- as opposed to a multimedia TJ27, a 768 KB). As an handheld which multimedia interesting upgrade has a few handheld which option, you could pay additional benefits. has a few just a bit more and Although it will additional get the Palm cost you about benefits. Tungsten T2, which $170 more than Although it will has certain the Sharp YO- cost you about advantages. Although P20, it will bring $170 more than it will cost you about you into a different the Sharp YO- $275 more than the class of P20, it will bring Sharp YO-P20, it will handhelds. For you into a bring you into a instance, it has 32 MB different class of different class of memory, handhelds. For handhelds. For against the 768 KB example, it has instance, it has 32 MB of the Sharp 32 MB memory, memory, YO-P20. compared to the compared to the 768 KB 768 KB of the of the Sharp YO- Sharp YO-P20. P20. Toshiba [CompSameFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- 2032SP AndPrice] [0.68] Note AndPrice] [0.38] If AndPrice] [0.15] that for a comparable you are interested The Sony CLIE price of about $375, in a wireless PEG-TH55 the Palm OS-based enabled handheld provides some Palm Tungsten T3 with many similar similar features to would give you features to the the Sprint similar features to the Sprint Toshiba Toshiba 2032SP, Sprint Toshiba 2032SP, and for in a wireless 2032SP. Just like the around the same enabled Sprint model, the cost, then check handheld. It costs Palm has a 16-bit, out the Palm around $380. 64,000-color display. Tungsten C. It Just like the And note that it sells for around Sprint, the Sony weighs just 5.5 $355. Just like the has 32 MB ounces, which is Sprint model, the memory and has more or less the Palm has a 16-bit, a 16-bit, 64,000- same as the 7 64,000-color color display. ounces of the Sprint display. And it model. weighs just 6.3 ounces, which you can compare to the 7 ounces of the Sprint model. The weight of a handheld is significant for those who will be holding it for lengthy periods of time and may be subject to hand and finger fatigue. Handspring [CompBetterFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltCrossUpSell] Treo ForPrice] [0.82] AndPrice] [0.59] If AndPrice] [0.5] [0.26] If you're 300 There's a rather you are interested The Sony CLIE interested in tempting alternative in a wireless PEG-TH55 offers something that is to the Sprint enabled handheld some similar a little more Handspring Treo 300. with many similar features to the feature-rich, you Selling at around features to the Sprint could get the $375, the Palm Sprint Handspring Handspring Treo Sony CLIÉ PEG- Tungsten T3 has 64 MB Treo 300, and for 300, in a wireless NR70, a memory, which is around the same enabled multimedia larger than that of the cost, then check handheld. It has handheld, which Sprint product (16 MB). out the Palm a street price of has certain The Palm model Tungsten C. It around $380. advantages. For also has a 16-bit, sells for around Similar in many example, it has a 64,000-color display, $355. Similar in of its features, 16-bit, 64,000- which is richer than many of its the Sony weighs color display, that of the Sprint features, the Palm just 6.5 ounces, against the 12- Handspring Treo 300 weighs just 6.3 which is similar to bit, 4,000-color of (12-bit, 4,000-color). ounces, which is the 5.7 ounces of the Sprint similar to the 5.7 the Sprint model, Handspring Treo ounces of the and it also has a 300. Also, its Sprint model, and mere 0.6 inch $465 street price it also has a mere thickness, which is only $75 more 0.7 inch thickness, again is similar to than the Sprint which again is the 0.8 inch of Handspring Treo similar to the 0.8 the Sprint model. 300. inch of the Sprint The weight of a model. The weight handheld is of a handheld is significant for significant for those who will be those who will be holding it for holding it for lengthy periods of lengthy periods of time and may be time and may be subject to hand subject to hand and finger and finger fatigue. fatigue. Casio [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompBetterPrice- [CompBetterFeatures- Cassiopeia Features] [0.94] For a ForFeatures] ForLess] EM-500 lower price of around [0.55] You could [0.52] In contrast (Blue) $135, the Palm OS- get some similar to this Casio based Sony CLIÉ features to the model, you can PEG-SJ20 would Casio Cassiopeia enjoy certain give you similar EM-500, but at a advantages features to the Casio lower price of (while getting a Cassiopeia EM-500. around $295, in lower price) in the Just like the Casio the Palm OS- Palm Tungsten model, the Sony has based Palm T3. To begin 16 MB memory. And Tungsten T. Just with, it has 64 MB note that it has a like the Casio, the memory, which is 320 × 320 screen Palm has 16 MB larger than the resolution, which is memory and has a Casio Cassiopeia fairly comparable to 16-bit, 64,000- EM-500 (16 MB). the 240 × 320 of the color display. Moreover, the Casio model. Palm Tungsten T3 typically costs around $400, as opposed to $500 for the Casio Cassiopeia EM- 500. Casio [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompBetterFeatures- [CompBetterPrice- Cassiopeia Features] [0.94] For a ForLess] [0.57] ForFeatures] EM-500 lower price of around To help decide if [0.55] You could (Green) $135, the Palm OS- the Casio get some similar based Sony CLIÉ Cassiopeia EM- features to the PEG-SJ20 would 500 is your best Casio Cassiopeia give you similar choice in a EM-500, but at a features to the Casio handheld, you lower price of Cassiopeia EM-500. might want to take around $295, in Just like the Casio a look at the Palm the Palm OS- model, the Sony has Tungsten T3, based Palm 16 MB memory. And which will provide Tungsten T. Just note that it has a you certain like the Casio, 320 × 320 screen additional benefits the Palm has 16 MB resolution, which is at a lower price memory and fairly comparable to than the Casio has a 16-bit, the 240 × 320 of the Cassiopeia EM- 64,000-color Casio model. 500. For example, display. it has 64 MB memory, which is larger than the Casio Cassiopeia EM-500 (16 MB). Furthermore, the Palm Tungsten T3 usually goes for about $400, compared to $500 for the Casio Cassiopeia EM- 500. Casio [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompBetterFeatures- [CompBetterPrice- Cassiopeia Features] [0.96] It's ForLess] [0.57] ForFeatures] EM-500 possible for you to To help decide if [0.54] For a lower (Red) get some similar the Casio price of around features to the Casio Cassiopeia EM- $295, the Palm Cassiopeia EM-500, 500 is your best OS-based Palm but at a lower price of choice in a Tungsten T around $135, in the handheld, you would give you Palm OS-based Sony may want to take similar features to CLIE PEG-SJ20. Just a look at the Palm the Casio like the Casio model, Tungsten T3, Cassiopeia EM- the Sony has 16 MB which will give you 500. Just like the memory. And note certain additional Casio, the Palm that it has a 320 × 320 benefits at a lower has 16 MB screen resolution, price than the memory and has which is fairly Casio Cassiopeia a 16-bit, 64,000- comparable to the EM-500. For color display. 240 × 320 of the Casio example, it has 64 MB model. memory, which is larger than the Casio Cassiopeia EM- 500 (16 MB). Moreover, the Palm Tungsten T3 usually goes for about $400, compared to $500 for the Casio Cassiopeia EM- 500. Casio [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompBetterPrice- [CompBetterFeatures- Cassiopeia Features] [0.94] For a ForFeatures] ForLess] EM-500 lower price of around [0.54] For a lower [0.51] In contrast (Sky $135, the Palm OS- price of around to this Casio Blue) based Sony CLIÉ $295, the Palm model, you can PEG-SJ20 would OS-based Palm gain certain give you similar Tungsten T would advantages features to the Casio give you similar (while getting a Cassiopeia EM-500. features to the lower price) in the Just like the Casio Casio Cassiopeia Palm Tungsten model, the Sony has EM-500. Just like T3. For starters, it 16 MB memory. And the Casio, the has 64 MB note that it has a Palm has 16 MB memory, which is 320 × 320 screen memory and has a larger than the resolution, which is 16-bit, 64,000- Casio Cassiopeia fairly comparable to color display. EM-500 (16 MB). the 240 × 320 of the Moreover, the Casio model. Palm Tungsten T3 typically costs around $400, compared to $500 for the Casio Cassiopeia EM-500. Casio [CompBetterPriceFor- [CompBetterPrice- [CompBetterFeatures- Cassiopeia Features] [0.95] You ForFeatures] ForLess] EM-500 could get some [0.54] For a lower [0.52] In contrast (Yellow) similar features to the price of around to this Casio Casio Cassiopeia $295, the Palm model, you can EM-500, but at a OS-based Palm enjoy certain lower price of around Tungsten T would advantages $135, in the Palm give you similar (while getting a OS-based Sony CLIÉ features to the lower price) in the PEG-SJ20. Just like Casio Cassiopeia Palm Tungsten the Casio model, the EM-500. Just like T3. To begin Sony has 16 MB the Casio, the with, it has 64 MB memory. And note Palm has 16 MB memory, which is that it has a 320 × 320 memory and has a larger than the screen resolution, 16-bit, 64,000- Casio Cassiopeia which is fairly color display. EM-500 (16 MB). comparable to the Moreover, the 240 × 320 of the Casio Palm Tungsten model. T3 typically costs about $400, compared to $500 for the Casio Cassiopeia EM-500. HP [CompBetterFeatures- [CompBetterFeatures- [AltSameFeatures- [AltCrossUpSell] Palmtop ForLess] [1.07] To ForLess] [0.66] AndPrice] [0.45] [0.25] Before you PC 320 help decide if the HP To help decide if If you are decide to buy the LX Palmtop PC 320 is the HP Palmtop interested in a HP Palmtop PC your best choice in a PC 320 is your multimedia 320, you might handheld, you may best choice in a handheld with want to compare want to check out the handheld, you many similar it to the Sony Palm Zire, which will might want to take features to the CLIÉ PEG-UX50, give you some a look at the Sony HP Palmtop PC a multimedia advantages at a CLIÉ PEG-S360, 320, and for handheld which lower price than the as it will provide around the same has certain HP Palmtop PC 320. you certain cost, then check advantages. For For example, it additional benefits out the Sony example, it has weighs just 3.8 at a lower price CLIÉ PEG-UX40. 40 MB memory, ounces, which is than the HP It sells for around against the 4 MB relatively lighter than Palmtop PC 320. $470. Similar in of the HP the HP Palmtop PC For example, it many of its Palmtop PC 320. 320 (15.6 ounces). weighs just 4.2 features, the In addition, the The weight of a ounces, which is Sony has a Sony CLIÉ PEG- handheld is relatively lighter 480 × 320 screen UX50 weighs just significant for those than the HP resolution, which 6.2 ounces, as who will be holding it Palmtop PC 320 is similar to the opposed to 15.6 for lengthy periods of (15.6 ounces). 640 × 240 of the ounces for the time and may be The weight of a HP model, and it HP Palmtop PC subject to hand and handheld is also is just 3.5 320. The weight finger fatigue. The significant for inches in length, of a handheld is Palm Zire also has a those who will be which again is significant for mere 2.9 inch width, holding it for similar to the 3.7 those who will be which is narrower lengthy periods of inches of the HP holding it for than the HP Palmtop time and may be model. The lengthy periods of PC 320 (7.2 inch). subject to hand higher resolution time and may be The size of the and finger fatigue. will come in subject to hand device can be a The Sony CLIÉ handy if you want and finger significant factor, for PEG-S360 to use your fatigue. Also, its example, if you furthermore has a handheld as a $555 street price intend to carry the mere 2.9 inch viewer for photos is only $85 more device in your shirt width, which is from a digital than the HP pocket or pants narrower than the camera. Palmtop PC 320. pocket. Moreover, the HP Palmtop PC Palm Zire typically 320 (7.2 inch). costs around $70, The size of the compared to $470 for device can be a the HP Palmtop PC significant factor, 320. for example, if you intend to carry the device in your shirt pocket or pants pocket. Moreover, the Sony CLIÉ PEG-S360 typically costs around $180, as opposed to $470 for the HP Palmtop PC 320. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method implemented by one or more computing devices for automatically generating a naturally reading narrative summary of an object, said method comprising: determining, by at least one of the one or more computing devices, at least one attribute associated with said object; and generating, by at least one of the one or more computing devices, a naturally reading narrative including assertions about the object. 